No similar results were found for humidity measurements. No correlations were found between air-conditioning values and acoustic rhinometry results for both study groups. Nasal endoscopy revealed normal healing in all patients. No major complications were reported by the patients. Their subjective ratings of nasal obstruction were similar to healthy controls. Conclusion: Partial turbinectomy seems to have a negative impact on intranasal air heating but

not to humidification. This effect has no impact on clinical condition and subjective perception of surgical outcome.”
“We exploit the ease with which highly motile early endosomes are distinguished from static late endosomes in order to study Aspergillus nidulans endosomal traffic. RabS(Rab7) mediates homotypic fusion of late endosomes/vacuoles

in a homotypic fusion-and vacuole protein sorting/Vps41-dependent manner. Progression across the endocytic FDA approved Drug Library pathway involves endosomal maturation because the end products of the pathway in the absence of RabS(Rab7) are minivacuoles that are competent in multivesicular body sorting and cargo degradation but retain early endosomal features, such as the ability to undergo long-distance movement and propensity to accumulate in the tip region if dynein function is impaired. Without RabS(Rab7), early endosomal Rab5s-RabA and RabB-reach minivacuoles, in agreement with the view that Rab7 homologues facilitate the release of Rab5 homologues from endosomes. RabS(Rab7) is recruited AZD7762 molecular weight to membranes already 3-MA cost at the

stage of late endosomes still lacking vacuolar morphology, but the transition between early and late endosomes is sharp, as only in a minor proportion of examples are RabA/RabB and RabS(Rab7) detectable in the same-frequently the less motile-structures. This early-to-late endosome/vacuole transition is coupled to dynein-dependent movement away from the tip, resembling the periphery-to-center traffic of endosomes accompanying mammalian cell endosomal maturation. Genetic studies establish that endosomal maturation is essential, whereas homotypic vacuolar fusion is not.”
“The NMR solution structure is reported of a duplex, 5′GUGAAGCCCGU/3′UCACAGGAGGC, containing a 4 x 4 nucleotide internal loop from an R2 retrotransposon RNA. The loop contains three sheared purine-purine pairs and reveals a structural element found in other RNAs, which we refer to as the 3RRs motif. Optical melting measurements of the thermodynamics of the duplex indicate that the internal loop is 1.6 kcal/mol more stable at 37 degrees C than predicted. The results identify the 3RRs motif as a common structural element that can facilitate prediction of 3D structure. Known examples include internal loops having the pairings: 5′GAA/3′AGG, 5′GAG/3′AGG, 5′GAA/3′AAG, and 5′AAG/3′AGG. The structural information is compared with predictions made with the MC-Sym program.”
“Satureja parvifolia (Phil.) Epling (synonym of Clinopodium gilliesii (Benth.

Methods: This mixed method study surveyed students (n = 405) enrolled selleckchem in their final semester of study at a large, metropolitan university in Sydney, Australia. Tailored, contextualised interventions included online practice quizzes, simulated medication calculation scenarios developed for clinical practice classes, contextualised ‘pen and paper’ tests, visually enhanced didactic remediation and ‘hands-on’ contextualised workshops. Surveys were administered to students to determine their perceptions

of interventions and to identify whether these interventions assisted with calculation competence. Test scores were analysed using SPSS v. 20 for correlations between students’ perceptions and actual performance. Qualitative open-ended survey questions were analysed manually and thematically. Results: The study reinforced that nursing students preferred a ‘hands-on,’ contextualised approach to learning NSC 683864 that was ‘authentic’ and aligned with clinical practice. Our interventions assisted with supporting students’ learning and improvement of calculation confidence. Qualitative data provided further insight into students’ awareness of their calculation errors and preferred learning styles. Some of the strongest predictors for numeracy skill performance included (1) being an international student, (2) completion of an

online practice quiz, scoring 59% or above and (3) students’ self-reported confidence. Conclusion: A paradigm shift from traditional testing methods to

the implementation of intensive, contextualised numeracy teaching and assessment within tertiary institutions will enhance learning and promote best teaching practices. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were generated targeting the cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (SlICDH1) via the RNA interference approach. The resultant transformants displayed a relatively mild reduction in the expression and activity of the target enzyme in the leaves. However, biochemical analyses learn more revealed that the transgenic lines displayed a considerable shift in metabolism, being characterized by decreases in the levels of the TCA cycle intermediates, total amino acids, photosynthetic pigments, starch and NAD(P)H. The plants showed little change in photosynthesis with the exception of a minor decrease in maximum photosynthetic efficiency (F (v)/F (m)), and a small decrease in growth compared to the wild type. These results reveal that even small changes in cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase activity lead to noticeable alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in primary nitrate assimilation and in the synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate derived amino acids.

This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the individual and combined effects of these two genes on breast cancer risk. We performed a meta-analysis of publications with a total 9,563 cases and 9,468 controls concerning MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and 19,748 cases and 19,962 controls concerning TP53 R72P. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the association. In overall meta-analysis, individuals with the MDM2 SNP309TG genotype

were associated with a borderline higher breast cancer risk than those with TT genotype (OR = 1.11, 95 % CI: 1.00-1.24, P (heterogeneity) = 0.007), whereas the TP53 R72P CC or GC genotype had no effects on breast cancer risk. In the stratified analyses, a significant association between MDM2 SNP309 and breast cancer risk were observed in PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor review Asian, but null significant association between TP53 R72P and breast cancer risk were found even in various subgroups. Moreover, no significant combined effects of MDM2 SNP309 and TP53 R72P were observed on breast cancer risk. The borderline association between MDM2 SNP309 and breast cancer risk in overall analysis should be treated with caution, and no significant combined effects for the two SNPs on breast

cancer risk suggested functional investigations warranted to explore the molecular mechanism of the TP53-MDM2 circuit genes.”
“Dendritic tells (DCs) are at the interface of innate and adaptive immune responses. Once activated via triggering of their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), they acquire a mature state and migrate to the lymph nodes where they activate T cells selleck and direct the immune HM781-36B solubility dmso response. Compounds that trigger PRRs are potential vaccine adjuvants, hence in this study we stimulated two porcine DC populations, namely monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and blood DCs (BDCs), with a broad range of toll-like receptors (TLRs) ligands

and assessed the activation/maturation state of these porcine DCs In order to determine if TLR ligands would have an effect on porcine DCs, we characterized the expression of TLRs and demonstrated that MoDCs and BDCs expressed the same set of TLRs but at different levels Of the TLR ligands examined, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and poly I:C were the most potent activators of MoDCs. inducing the up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86 and the chemokine receptor CCR7, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha. The most effective in inducing BDCs activation were LPS and class A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), resulting in up-regulation of chemokine receptor (CCR)7 and down-regulation of CCR2 and CCR5, production of IL-12p40, and expression of a broad range of chemokines that were able to attract porcine immune cells (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Malignant glioma, also known as brain cancer, is the most common intracranial tumor, having an extremely high mortality and recurrence rate.

Primary cultures of human pulmonary endothelial cells (EC) were used in the

in vitro tests. Expression of ANP and its receptors was determined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Agonist-induced cytoskeletal remodeling was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining, and EC barrier function was characterized by measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance. In the murine model of ALI, LPS-induced lung injury was assessed by measurements of protein concentration and cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). LPS stimulation significantly increased mRNA expression levels of ANP and NPR-A in pulmonary EC. Pharmacological FK228 concentration inhibition of NPR-A augmented LPS-induced EC permeability and blocked barrier protective effects of exogenous ANP on LPS-induced intercellular gap formation. In contrast,

pharmacological inhibition of ANP clearance receptor NPR-C significantly ISRIB attenuated LPS-induced barrier disruptive effects. Administration of NPR-A inhibitor in vivo exacerbated LPS-induced lung injury, whereas inhibition of NPR-C suppressed LPS-induced increases in BAL cell count and protein content. These results demonstrate for the first time opposite effects of NPR-A and NPR-C in the modulation of ALI and suggest a compensatory protective mechanism of endogenous ANP in the maintenance of lung vascular permeability in ALI. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Aim To explore the relationship between alteration in the expression of TWIST, highly conserved transcription factor from the basic helix-loop-helix family, and apoptosis of Hep-2 cells induced by chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel.\n\nMethods Epigenetics inhibitor Morphological changes of Hep-2 cells were observed by acridine orange cytochemistry staining. Viability of Hep-2 cells treated with various concentrations of paclitaxel was examined by cell proliferation assay. Apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression of TWIST in response to paclitaxel at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours was examined

by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively.\n\nResults Typical morphological changes of apoptotic cells at 24 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours after treatment wiyth paclitaxel (10 x 10(-9) mol/L) were observed.The cell survival rates significantly decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (P=0.001). Paclitaxel-induced apoptosis increased with culture time (22.6 +/- 5.3% after 24 hours, 38.7 +/- 7.9% after 48 hours, and 52.4 +/- 14.3% after 72 hours; P=0.002). Both mRNA and protein expression of TWIST was markedly decreased at both mRNA levels and protein levels, at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours in the paclitaxel-induced apoptosis of Hep-2 cells (P<0.001).

“
“This report describes a 3-month-old Japanese boy with

a diagnosis of isolated unilateral agenesis of the proximal right pulmonary artery with severe pulmonary hypertension. One-stage reconstruction of the right pulmonary artery was performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. The hilar right pulmonary artery and the distal main pulmonary artery were joined by anastomosis to an artificial ring graft. The boy’s postoperative course was uneventful, and the pressure in the pulmonary artery was within the normal range. Although mild right pulmonary artery stenosis remained, the authors’ therapeutic strategy may click here provide a clinically important option for isolated unilateral agenesis of the pulmonary artery.”
“The

objective of this study was to determine the optimal feeding level and feeding frequency for the culture of freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). A randomized block design in a factorial scheme (3 x 2) with three feeding levels GSK1904529A price (30, 60 and 90 g/kg of body weight (BW)/day) and two feeding frequencies (1x and 2x/day) was set up in duplicate, representing 24 experimental units. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and the Tukey test for comparison between means. After 84 days, results indicated that both factors influenced fish performance. No interaction between these factors was, however, observed. Increased feeding level and feeding frequency resulted in increased feed intake. The feed conversion ratio was negatively affected by feeding level, but not affected by feeding frequency. Final weights were higher when fish were fed twice daily, at levels of 60 or 90 g/kg BW/day. Specific growth rate was higher when fish received 60 or 90 g/kg BW/day, regardless of the feeding frequency. Survival was not affected by any treatment, with mean EPZ5676 survival rates higher than 90%. It is recommended that juveniles be fed at a level of 60 g/kg BW/day with a minimum of two meals

per day, to attain optimal survival, growth and feed efficiency.”
“Objectives The conformational state of voltage-gated sodium channels is an important determinant for the efficacy of both local anesthesia and electrical neuromodulation techniques. This study investigated the role of subthreshold preconditioning ramp currents on axonal nerve excitability parameters in the presence of sodium channel blockers in myelinated A and unmyelinated C fibers. Materials and Methods A- and C-fiber compound action potentials were recorded extracellularly in vitro in saphenous nerve from adult rats. Nerve fibers were stimulated with a supramaximal current pulse either alone or after a 300-msec conditioning polarizing ramp current (between -10% and +100% of the original threshold current) in the presence and absence of lidocaine and tetrodotoxin (TTX).

We observed the presence of S. glaseri adults on the cuticle of the females in the treatments with one-eighth and one-sixteenth the commercial dose. These results indicate greater efficacy of the treatments with lower acaricide concentrations in association with S. PXD101 glaseri, with less environmental impact, reduced costs and less resistance selection pressure on the tick populations.”
“Treatment resistant depression (TRD)

is a significant clinical and public health problem. Among others, neuroplasticity and inflammatory pathways seem to play a crucial role in the pathomechanisms of antidepressant efficacy.\n\nThe primary aim of this study was to investigate whether a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within two genes implicated in neuroplasticity and inflammatory processes (the mitogen activated protein kinase 1, MAPK1 (rs3810608, rs6928, rs13515 and rs8136867), and the cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein 1, CREB1 (rs889895, rs6740584, rs2551922 and rs2254137)) was associated with antidepressant treatment resistance (according to two different definitions), in 285 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients. As secondary aims, we investigated the genetic modulation of the same SNPs on response, remission and other clinical features both in MDD patients and in a larger sample including 82 Bipolar Disorder (BD) patients

as well. All patients were screened in the Emricasan inhibitor context of a European multicenter project.\n\nNo association between both the investigated genes and treatment resistance and response was found in MDD patients. However, considering remission,

higher rates of CREB1 rs889895 GG genotype were reported in MDD patients. Moreover, MAPK1 rs8136867 AG genotype was found to be associated with remission in the whole sample (MDD and BD).\n\nPresent results suggest that some genetic polymorphisms in both GREW and MAPK1 could be associated with treatment remission. Although further learn more research is needed to draw more definitive conclusions, such results are intriguing since suggest a potential role of two genes implicated in neuroplasticity and inflammatory processes in symptom remission after antidepressant treatment. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Of all of the epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC), clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) has the worst clinical prognosis. Furthermore, the conventional EOC biomarker CA125 is more often negative in CCA than in other subtypes of EOC. This study sought to discover a new diagnostic biomarker that would allow more reliable detection of CCA. Using mass spectrometry, we compared proteins in conditioned media from cell lines derived from CCA and other types of EOC. We identified 30 extracellular or released proteins specifically present in CCA-derived cell lines. Bioinformatics analyses identified a serine protease inhibitor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI2), as a potential biomarker for CCA.

“
“In the title compound, [Zn-2(C10H2O8)(C16H20N4)(H2O)(2)] (n) , the ZnII atom is in a distorted tetrahedral environment, being coordinated by one N atom from a 1,4-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)piperazine (3-bpmp) ligand, two O

atoms from two carboxylate groups of the pyromellitate anion and one water molecule. The distortion of the tetrahedral coordination may be ascribed to the hydrogen bonds between the carboxylate groups and the adjacent water molecules. Each ZnII atom links to three organic ligands and each pyromellitate ligand coordinates to four ZnII atoms, forming a (3,4)-connected infinite three-dimensional framework. O-H…N interactions also occur.”
“Background: SpectraClassifier (SC) is a Java solution for designing and implementing Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)-based classifiers. The main goal of SC is to allow users with selleckchem minimum background knowledge of multivariate statistics to perform a fully automated pattern recognition analysis. SC incorporates feature selection (greedy stepwise approach, either forward or backward), and feature extraction (PCA). Fisher GSK690693 cost Linear Discriminant Analysis is the method of choice for classification.

Classifier evaluation is performed through various methods: display of the confusion matrix of the training and testing datasets; K-fold cross-validation, leave-one-out and bootstrapping as well as Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves.\n\nResults: SC is composed of the following modules: Classifier design, Data

exploration, Data visualisation, Classifier evaluation, Reports, and Classifier history. It is able to read low resolution ZVADFMK in-vivo MRS (single-voxel and multi-voxel) and high resolution tissue MRS (HRMAS), processed with existing tools (jMRUI, INTERPRET, 3DiCSI or TopSpin). In addition, to facilitate exchanging data between applications, a standard format capable of storing all the information needed for a dataset was developed. Each functionality of SC has been specifically validated with real data with the purpose of bug-testing and methods validation. Data from the INTERPRET project was used.\n\nConclusions: SC is a user-friendly software designed to fulfil the needs of potential users in the MRS community. It accepts all kinds of pre-processed MRS data types and classifies them semi-automatically, allowing spectroscopists to concentrate on interpretation of results with the use of its visualisation tools.”
“Using an ultra-sensitive differential scanning calorimetry (US-DSC), we have investigated the folding and aggregation behaviors of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chains in dilute and semidilute solutions. In the heating process, the intrachain folding and interchain aggregation simultaneously occur in the dilute solutions, and the ratio of intrachain folding increases with decreasing concentration.

Newly emerged larvae of C. carnea were fed 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 fresh eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in 9 cm petri dishes. It was observed that the prey density had a significant effect on positive consumption rate, development and fecundity selleck chemicals llc of C. carnea. In general maximum consumption with shortest developmental time, maximum fecundity and longest adult longevity were observed as prey density increased. In all treatments, predatory potential was

high when the prey density was raised. Daily predation rate of C. carnea increased slowly during the first two instars and reached to its peak in the third larval instar. Although, C. carnea completed its development at all BYL719 prey densities, the increase in prey densities reduced developmental

time and mortality. Lacewing larvae provided with an overabundance of S. cerealella eggs developed faster than the larvae provided with fewer eggs. Lacewing fed during larval stage with 20 eggs/day showed lowest fecundity with the increase in prey density. A smaller intrinsic rate of increase was due to the fact that the population fed at a low prey density had prolonged developmental time, higher mortality rate in immature stages as well as a low daily rate of progeny.”
“The 10-valent find more pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) (Synflorix (TM)) includes ten serotype-specific polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae, eight of which are conjugated individually to a nonlipidated cell-surface lipoprotein

(protein D) of non-typeable H. influenzae and two of which are conjugated to nontoxic tetanus or diphtheria toxoid carrier proteins. This article provides an overview of the well-established immunogenicity of PHiD-CV, including functional immune responses and immunologic memory, as well as immune responses in preterm infants and HIV-infected children. It also includes a brief discussion of cross-protection against vaccine-related serotypes (6A and 19A) and focuses on labelling in the EU, where PHiD-CV is approved for active immunization against invasive disease, pneumonia, and acute otitis media (AOM) caused by S. pneumoniae in infants and young children up to 5 years of age. Evidence of the protective efficacy and effectiveness of PHiD-CV against pneumococcal diseases is available from several studies, including the randomized, double-blind trials COMPAS (Clinical Otitis Media and Pneumonia Study) and FinIP (Finnish Invasive Pneumococcal disease), as well as postmarketing studies from various countries.

Beak-trimmed Hy-Line W-36 hens (n = Ferroptosis inhibitor cancer 480) were obtained as pullets at 16.5 wk of age and housed in conventional cages on 4 tiers. Five pullets/cage were housed at a stocking density of 434 cm(2)/pullet and an FSA of 12.2 cm/pullet. After 1.5 wk of acclimation, baseline measurements were taken for 2 wk and then pullets were given either 5.8, 7.1, 8.4, 9.7, 10.9, or 12.2 cm of feeder space/hen (16 cages/treatment). Feeding behavior was evaluated in each cage over a 24-h period each month. For each hen, percentage of time spent feeding and synchrony (mean number of additional hens feeding at the same time) were determined and scores were averaged for each cage. For each cage, feeder

switching (number of observations in which hens changed

from feeding to not feeding) and feeder sharing (probability that feeder access was equally distributed among all hens) were calculated. At monthly intervals, individual hens were weighed and their feathers scored using a 5-point scale on 8 body regions. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures GLM incorporating cage, tier, FSA, and age of the hen. Hens with reduced feeder space spent less time feeding (P < 0.001), synchronized their feeding bouts to a lesser extent ( P < 0.001), made fewer switches at the feeder (P < 0.001), and shared the feeder less ( P < 0.001). However, feather scores, BW, and BW uniformity Metabolism inhibitor were not affected by FSA. There was almost no aggressive behavior and little mortality. These results demonstrate that Hy-Line W-36 hens did not respond to reduced feeder space by aggressively excluding cage-mates from the feeder but instead desynchronized their feeding behavior.”
“The assessment of oxidative stress is highly relevant in clinical Perinatology as it is associated to adverse outcomes in newborn infants. This study summarizes results from the validation of an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of the urinary concentrations of a set of endogenous biomarkers, capable to provide a valid

snapshot of the oxidative stress status applicable in human clinical trials, especially in the field of Perinatology. buy GNS-1480 The set of analytes included are phenylalanine (Phe), para-tyrosine (p-Tyr), ortho-tyrosine (o-Tyr), meta-tyrosine (m-Tyr), 3-NO2-tyrosine (3NO(2)-Tyr), 3-Cl-tyrosine (3Cl-Tyr), 2′-deoxyguanosine (2dG) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG). Following the FDA-based guidelines, appropriate levels of accuracy and precision, as well as adequate levels of sensitivity with limits of detection (LODs) in the low nanomolar (nmol/L) range were confirmed after method validation. The validity of the proposed UPLC-MS/MS method was assessed by analysing urine samples from a clinical trial in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants randomized to be resuscitated with two different initial inspiratory fractions of oxygen.

Results: ZD55-XAF1 significantly upregulated XAF1, which was associated with decreased cell proliferation, migration and tube formation of MS1 cells. Ectopic overexpression of XAF1 induced apoptosis

in MS1 and also sensitized cells to 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis. A significant decrease in the expression of Tie-1, Ang-1, Ang-2 and c-Myc was observed. Conclusions: Our data suggest that XAF1 possesses a potential antiangiogenesis effect. Suppressed expression of Tie-1, Ang-1, Ang-2 and c-Myc may be mechanistically responsible for the observed antiangiogenesis effect. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.”
“In the marginal sea ice zone (MIZ), where relatively small RG 7112 ice floes are dominant, the floe size distribution is an important parameter affecting melt processes given the larger cumulative perimeter of multiple small floes compared with a single GANT61 inhibitor ice floe of the same area. Smaller ice floes are therefore subject to increased lateral melt. However, the available data have been very limited so far. Analysis of sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk revealed that while floe size distribution is basically scale invariant, a regime shift occurs at a size of about 40 m. In order to extend this preliminary

result to the Antarctic MIZ and further examine the controlling factors, the first concurrent ice floe size and ice thickness measurements were conducted in the northwestern Weddell Sea and off Wilkes Land (around 64 degrees S, 117 degrees E) with a heli-borne digital video camera in the late winter of 2006 and 2007, respectively. The floe sizes ranged from 2 to 100 m. Our analysis shows: 1) the scale invariance and regime shift are confirmed in both regions; 2) the floe size at which regime shift occurs slightly increases from 20 to 40 m, with ice thickness, consistent with the theory of the flexural failure of sea ice; and 3) the aspect ratio is 1.6-1.9 on average, close to the previous results. Based on these results, the processes affecting the floe size distribution and the subsequent implications on melt processes are

discussed. By applying a renormalization group method to interpret the scale invariance in floe size distribution, the fractal dimension is related to the fragility of sea ice. These results indicate the importance of wave-ice interaction in determining the floe size distribution. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Antibodies Cl-amidine Immunology & Inflammation inhibitor against surface molecules of human tumors are now frequently administered in combination with strong chemotherapy, increasing therapeutic efficacy but making the task of elucidating immunological events more difficult. Experiments on genetically manipulated mice indicate that antibody efficacy is greatest when IgG antibody coating tumor cells is engaged by the Fc gamma-receptors of effector cells, chiefly the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Evidence suggests lesser roles for NK cells, neutrophils, receptor-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-mediated cytotoxicity.