When the σS levels in pgsA3ΔcpxA and pgsA3ΔcpxR double mutants were examined, the high level of σS in pgsA3 mutant cells was found to be considerably reduced (Fig. 2d), indicating that the activation of the Cpx system is one important cause for the high level of σS. In order to clarify how the system affects σS, we examined the activities of clpP′-lacZ and clpX′-lacZ in the double mutants. The activities of these transcriptional fusions recovered after disruption of the Cpx system from the very low levels in pgsA3 mTOR inhibitor mutant cells as expected, although not completely (Fig. 2b). These results indicate that the activated Cpx system increases

σS levels by contributing to the repression of clpPX in pgsA3 mutant cells. Does the PI3K Inhibitor Library cost Cpx system repress clpPX through rpoE, rpoH, and rpoD, and to what extent does it control their levels? Microarray analyses suggested that in pgsA mutant cells, the expressions of rpoE and rpoH genes and the genes under the control of σE and σH are reduced, but the level of σD is not (Nagahama et al., 2007). In fact, real-time PCR analysis of the mRNA levels of these sigma factors indicated that the mRNAs of rpoE and rpoH in pgsA3 mutant cells were reduced to 1/40 and 1/18 of those in pgsA+ cells,

respectively, whereas the mRNA level of rpoD was almost the same as in wild-type cells, supporting the results of the microarray analyses (Fig. 4). Further examination of the mRNA levels in ΔcpxR pgsA double mutant cells indicated that the low level of rpoE mRNA recovered to 1/10, but that rpoH mRNA was not much changed (to 1/14) (Fig. 4). These results indicate that the repression of rpoE in the filipin pgsA3 mutant cells can be partly attributed to the activated Cpx system (see Fig. 5). There must be an unknown component in the repression of rpoE, independent of the Cpx system. The results also imply that the repression of rpoH is independent of the

Cpx system. The transcription of clpPX from the σD promoter may also be repressed in the presence of increased σS, which probably contributes to the repression by competing with σD for RNA polymerase core enzyme, because σS has a high affinity for the core enzyme (Maeda et al., 2000). To elucidate the intriguing roles that these sigma factors play in the repression of clpPX in pgsA mutant cells, further analysis of the cellular levels of the sigma factors and of each promoter of clpPX will be required. Figure 5 summarizes our ideas about the regulatory pathways that lead to σS accumulation in pgsA mutant cells. In order to fully understand the molecular mechanism of the accumulation of σS in pgsA mutant cells, detailed examination of the signal transduction systems that respond to acidic phospholipid deficiency will also be necessary. We thank Drs Robert Simons, Michele Garsha, Christophe Merlin, Kouji Busujima, Koichi Inoue, and Hiroshi Matsuzaki for the gifts of bacterial strains and suggestions, and Dr Kan Tanaka for the antiserum against σS.

QSS 2009 contacted or attempted to contact 3,112 households; 1,536 subjects declined participation, 142 households could not be contacted and 129 were otherwise ineligible. Thus, the final sample for QSS 2009 included 1,292 respondents, 860 from Southeast Queensland and 432 from Other Queensland for an overall response rate of 41.5%. The sample was nearly OSI-906 order equally divided between males and females (50.2%

vs 49.8%). Younger people (aged 18–34 y) were under-represented in the sample; and older people (aged >55 y) were over-represented in the sample; otherwise, the demographics of the participants reasonably approximated that of the general population.9 Responses to the two questions concerning travel and influenza are shown in Table 1; 688 (53.2%) of respondents indicated some level of concern about Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when traveling and 458 (35.5%)

indicated they would likely cancel their own commercial air travel if they had a cough and fever that lasted more than one day. When cross-tabulating these responses, people who expressed concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when they traveled were more likely than those without concern to cancel their own commercial air travel if they had a cough and fever lasting more than one day (44.7% vs 27.7%, χ2 = 33.53, p < 0.001). Nonetheless, there were 363 respondents who expressed concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, but who would not have cancelled their own commercial air travel if they had symptoms selleck screening library of a viral respiratory infection. Bivariate associations between demographic variables and both concern about and willingness

to cancel travel are shown in Table 2, and the final multivariate models are shown in Table 3. When controlling for covariance and 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase confounding, respondents living outside of metropolitan Southeast Queensland (AOR = 0.589; CI: 0.396–0.874), those with more than 14 years of education (AOR = 0.651; CI: 0.444–0.952), and those with incomes greater than A$100,000 per year (AOR = 0.528; CI: 0.353–0.791) were all less likely to express concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when traveling. There were no interaction effects among these variables. Only age was significantly associated with the likelihood of cancelling travel if a respondent was symptomatic, with younger respondents (18–24 y old) less likely than others to cancel pre-existing travel plans (AOR = 0.469; CI: 0.260–0.847). Previous emerging infectious disease outbreaks, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), had far reaching impacts on travel and tourism, particularly, with shutdown of airline travel during the height of the SARS outbreak.10 Avian influenza has not had the same impact; however, it has raised considerable concern among travelers and government travel advisories alike.

QSS 2009 contacted or attempted to contact 3,112 households; 1,536 subjects declined participation, 142 households could not be contacted and 129 were otherwise ineligible. Thus, the final sample for QSS 2009 included 1,292 respondents, 860 from Southeast Queensland and 432 from Other Queensland for an overall response rate of 41.5%. The sample was nearly http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ganetespib-sta-9090.html equally divided between males and females (50.2%

vs 49.8%). Younger people (aged 18–34 y) were under-represented in the sample; and older people (aged >55 y) were over-represented in the sample; otherwise, the demographics of the participants reasonably approximated that of the general population.9 Responses to the two questions concerning travel and influenza are shown in Table 1; 688 (53.2%) of respondents indicated some level of concern about Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when traveling and 458 (35.5%)

indicated they would likely cancel their own commercial air travel if they had a cough and fever that lasted more than one day. When cross-tabulating these responses, people who expressed concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when they traveled were more likely than those without concern to cancel their own commercial air travel if they had a cough and fever lasting more than one day (44.7% vs 27.7%, χ2 = 33.53, p < 0.001). Nonetheless, there were 363 respondents who expressed concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, but who would not have cancelled their own commercial air travel if they had symptoms learn more of a viral respiratory infection. Bivariate associations between demographic variables and both concern about and willingness

to cancel travel are shown in Table 2, and the final multivariate models are shown in Table 3. When controlling for covariance and Astemizole confounding, respondents living outside of metropolitan Southeast Queensland (AOR = 0.589; CI: 0.396–0.874), those with more than 14 years of education (AOR = 0.651; CI: 0.444–0.952), and those with incomes greater than A$100,000 per year (AOR = 0.528; CI: 0.353–0.791) were all less likely to express concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when traveling. There were no interaction effects among these variables. Only age was significantly associated with the likelihood of cancelling travel if a respondent was symptomatic, with younger respondents (18–24 y old) less likely than others to cancel pre-existing travel plans (AOR = 0.469; CI: 0.260–0.847). Previous emerging infectious disease outbreaks, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), had far reaching impacts on travel and tourism, particularly, with shutdown of airline travel during the height of the SARS outbreak.10 Avian influenza has not had the same impact; however, it has raised considerable concern among travelers and government travel advisories alike.

Each of these is geographically restricted. The

route of infection is via inhalation of microconidia (or arthroconidia for C. immitis) that are aerosolized and can be dispersed many miles by air. Immunocompetent hosts develop localized pulmonary disease, which is frequently asymptomatic while those with chronic lung disease develop chronic pulmonary syndromes and individuals with immunosuppression develop Metformin disseminated disease. In the post-HAART era each of these presentations can be encountered in HIV-seropositive individuals. H. capsulatum var capsulatum is found in mid-western and south-eastern states of the United States, the Caribbean, Central America, South America, Africa, and in pockets elsewhere throughout the world [64]. H. capsulatum var duboisii is found mainly in West and Central Africa [65]; it causes mainly extra-pulmonary disease. B. dermatitidis is found in the centre of the United States, along the St Lawrence Seaway and around the Great Lakes of the United States and Canada [66]. C. immitis is found in the

south-western part of the United States and in Saracatinib datasheet northern Mexico [67]. An infection should be suspected in someone who has resided in an endemic area, although for some dimorphic fungi short-term exposure during travel to an endemic area is sufficient. Infections can represent either reactivation or primary infection. Individuals with well preserved CD4 cell counts present similarly to HIV-seronegative

individuals. Infection may be asymptomatic [68]. Clinical features, if present, DAPT involve cough and fever with focal consolidation and hilar lymphadenopathy on chest radiography [69]. Coccidioidomycosis can present with either asymptomatic infection or as a pneumonic illness [67]. Pre-HAART, the most frequent manifestation of dimorphic fungal infection was as acute disseminated infections. General features of disseminated histoplasmosis include fever, weight loss and rash [70] and disseminated blastomycosis may be associated with neurological disease [66]. Physical signs include focal consolidation or bilateral crackles, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, rash and frequently hypotension. In many cases of disseminated disease respiratory signs and symptoms are minimal. Chest radiographs for histoplasmosis reveal interstitial, nodular or miliary infiltrates although occasionally demonstrate more focal disease. Focal pulmonary disease may be less common with coccidioidomycosis [71]. Cavitary disease is rare but has been reported for histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis [72]. A variety of extra-pulmonary manifestations are associated with disseminated disease. Histoplasmosis may be associated with oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal ulceration. Patients may present with a sepsis syndrome and hypotension [70]. Rarer manifestations include meningitis, endocarditis or involvement of the adrenal gland [73]. CNS disease may also occur with B.

(2013), under the heading ‘Comparing the lateralization of posture effects across experiments’ (pp. 2889–2890), there was an error in the reporting of the Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation was performed between 128 and 200 ms (and not between 0 and 200 ms), and the significant effect started at 168 ms, and not at 152 ms as printed. The authors regret

this error. VE 821 The following is the correct reporting of this analysis: The Monte Carlo simulation was performed between 128 and 200 ms and the significant effect of sight of the limbs (the variable manipulated between the two experiments) on the laterality of postural remapping started at 168 ms, and was observed until the end of the interval tested, i.e., 200 ms (a sequence of consecutive significant t-tests, all P < 0.05, over 18 ms in length was deemed significant). The mean first-order autocorrelation at lag 1 was 0.96. "
“The quest for possible targets for the development of novel analgesics has identified the activation of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1)

receptor outside the CNS as a potential means of providing relief from persistent pain, which currently constitutes an unmet medical need. Increasing tissue levels of the CB1 receptor endogenous ligand N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), by inhibiting anandamide degradation through blocking the anandamide-hydrolysing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase, has been suggested to be used to activate the CB1 receptor. However, recent clinical trials revealed that this approach does not deliver the expected relief from pain. Here, we TSA HDAC supplier discuss one of the possible reasons, the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 ion channel (TRPV1) on nociceptive primary sensory neurons (PSNs) by anandamide, which may compromise the beneficial effects of increased tissue levels of anandamide. We conclude that better design such as concomitant blocking of anandamide hydrolysis and anandamide uptake into PSNs, to inhibit TRPV1 activation, could overcome these problems. “
“During cognitive

processes there are extensive interactions between various regions of the cerebral cortex. Oscillations in PAK5 the gamma frequency band (≈40 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) are involved in the binding of spatially separated but temporally correlated neural events, which results in a unified perceptual experience. The extent of these interactions can be examined by means of a mathematical algorithm called ‘coherence’, which reflects the ‘strength’ of functional interactions between cortical areas. The present study was conducted to analyse EEG coherence in the gamma frequency band of the cat during alert wakefulness (AW), quiet wakefulness (QW), non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Cats were implanted with electrodes in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices to monitor EEG activity.

We presumed other causes or etiological agents responsible for respiratory symptoms in this cohort. The previous study had shown find more that influenza A virus was only detected in 0.6%,31 8.1%,32 8.6%,17 and 10.2%,29 respectively, of the hajj pilgrims. Other earlier studies also showed that the crude ILI attack rate among vaccinated persons was significantly lower than control group.21,33 But later, another study showed that influenza vaccine appeared to provide some protection against influenza in immunosuppressive conditions and those hajj pilgrims over the

age of 65 but not in the others.34 In the previous study by Meysamie et al. (2006), the rate of respiratory diseases significantly increased from 35% in year 2004 to 70% in 2005 LBH589 molecular weight with the increment of influenza vaccination coverage.24 In the era of H1N1 pandemic influenza, the ILI cases increased five times more than baseline rate and the pandemic influenza strain took over the seasonal vaccine strain.35 There was no epidemiological evidence of significant protection by seasonal vaccine against pandemic influenza virus infection.36 Although some cross protection of H3N2 was documented

when the subjects are injected by H2N2 vaccine, the protection of H1N1 pandemic influenza 2009 is not expected after vaccination with H1N1 2008 strain because of major different in antigenic site.37 H1N1 pandemic strain vaccination is expected to be the best solution for ILI prevention at the moment. While waiting for the vaccine to appear in the market, infective control measures were implemented, including to hajj pilgrims. Restricting high-risk Muslims from performing hajj this year was one of the options.38 Regular reminders on personal hygiene, avoiding mass crowds as much as possible, reducing unnecessary exertions and taking a lot of water are very important to minimize the problem

with respiratory symptoms. In conclusion, respiratory symptoms were very common among Malaysian hajj pilgrims. The current protective measures are inadequate to give protection. Future research should be aimed at finding other possible interventions which could reduce respiratory infections. As the number of hajj pilgrims increases BCKDHA each year, these measures ought to be instituted soon. Future studies should also aim at standardization of the terms used and be done in collaboration with researchers from the host nation. This study was funded by Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia through Universiti Sains Malaysia Hajj Research Cluster. We also would like to acknowledge the Custodian of Two Holyland Hajj Research Center, University of Umm al Qura, Makkah for support with the accommodation and transportation during research in Makkah; Tabung Haji Malaysia for continuous support; and Ms Rohana Che Yusof and Mr Mohd Bazlan Hafidz Mukrim for helping in the data key-in.

However, in an extended analysis

using different strains and growth conditions, the ability of CusCFBA to confer resistance to these substances could not be verified. These results strongly suggest a narrow substrate specificity for the CusCFBA system. Differing results between the Biolog and the MIC assays may be due to differences in the preparation of the tested PD98059 cell line compounds. The native Biolog multiwell plate contained dry deposited chemicals and the concentration range of the chemicals covered orders of magnitude. It is possible that in the Biolog assay certain hydrophobic analytes were not fully soluble, such that the bacteria were not exposed to the intended concentration. In the MIC assays, organic solvents or ionic mixtures were used to solubilize the compounds to a particular concentration. Thus, some differences may be seen if the end concentrations are different between the two assays. Narrow substrate specificity can be attributed to the metal-binding sites of CusB and

CusF. X-ray absorption spectroscopy data show that Cu(I) is bound to CusB in a three-coordinate environment, indicative of Cu–S interactions click here (Bagai et al., 2007). CusB does not contain any cysteine residues; consequently, the sulfur-containing species in CusB that coordinate Cu(I) are methionine residues. Through site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent isothermal titration calorimetry data, Bagai and colleagues showed that three methionine residues, M21M36M38, are important in metal binding and subsequent copper efflux. Moreover, CusF, a metallochaperone of the Cus complex, has been shown to bind metal via a primarily three-coordinate metal-binding site (Loftin et al., 2007) and directly transfers the metal ion to the periplasmic component, CusB (Bagai et al., 2008). Here, Cu(I) is coordinated with two sulfurs from M47 and M49 and a nitrogen from

H36, with W44 capping the metal site. These methionine residues in CusB and CusF are essential in the extrusion of copper and silver from the periplasm to the extracellular space. To determine Methane monooxygenase the prevalence of these metal-binding motifs, blast analysis was performed against all sequenced gammaproteobacterial genomes (Altschul et al., 1990). The number of sequences that contained these specific metal-binding motifs is shown in Fig. 1. All orders within the Gammaproteobacteria class, except one, Pasteurellaceae, contain genes encoding CusB- and CusF-like proteins with the metal-binding motifs. Interestingly, when performing blast analysis on the MFP GesA, no highly conserved residues were found. Consequently, the narrow substrate specificity for the CusCFBA complex may be attributed to the conserved residues for metal binding in CusB and CusF. Analysis of CusA showed that it belongs specifically to a group of efflux pumps responsible for the extrusion of heavy metals. CusA shares high sequence identity to SilA (S.

However, in an extended analysis

using different strains and growth conditions, the ability of CusCFBA to confer resistance to these substances could not be verified. These results strongly suggest a narrow substrate specificity for the CusCFBA system. Differing results between the Biolog and the MIC assays may be due to differences in the preparation of the tested Belnacasan compounds. The native Biolog multiwell plate contained dry deposited chemicals and the concentration range of the chemicals covered orders of magnitude. It is possible that in the Biolog assay certain hydrophobic analytes were not fully soluble, such that the bacteria were not exposed to the intended concentration. In the MIC assays, organic solvents or ionic mixtures were used to solubilize the compounds to a particular concentration. Thus, some differences may be seen if the end concentrations are different between the two assays. Narrow substrate specificity can be attributed to the metal-binding sites of CusB and

CusF. X-ray absorption spectroscopy data show that Cu(I) is bound to CusB in a three-coordinate environment, indicative of Cu–S interactions Screening Library purchase (Bagai et al., 2007). CusB does not contain any cysteine residues; consequently, the sulfur-containing species in CusB that coordinate Cu(I) are methionine residues. Through site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent isothermal titration calorimetry data, Bagai and colleagues showed that three methionine residues, M21M36M38, are important in metal binding and subsequent copper efflux. Moreover, CusF, a metallochaperone of the Cus complex, has been shown to bind metal via a primarily three-coordinate metal-binding site (Loftin et al., 2007) and directly transfers the metal ion to the periplasmic component, CusB (Bagai et al., 2008). Here, Cu(I) is coordinated with two sulfurs from M47 and M49 and a nitrogen from

H36, with W44 capping the metal site. These methionine residues in CusB and CusF are essential in the extrusion of copper and silver from the periplasm to the extracellular space. To determine ADAMTS5 the prevalence of these metal-binding motifs, blast analysis was performed against all sequenced gammaproteobacterial genomes (Altschul et al., 1990). The number of sequences that contained these specific metal-binding motifs is shown in Fig. 1. All orders within the Gammaproteobacteria class, except one, Pasteurellaceae, contain genes encoding CusB- and CusF-like proteins with the metal-binding motifs. Interestingly, when performing blast analysis on the MFP GesA, no highly conserved residues were found. Consequently, the narrow substrate specificity for the CusCFBA complex may be attributed to the conserved residues for metal binding in CusB and CusF. Analysis of CusA showed that it belongs specifically to a group of efflux pumps responsible for the extrusion of heavy metals. CusA shares high sequence identity to SilA (S.

aureus. In the case of nucleases, the treatment of DNase up to 28 units and RNase up to 1 mg mL−1 did not much influence the biofilm dispersal of two S. aureus strains (ATCC 25923 and ATCC 6538; Fig. S2). In contrast, bacterial proteases, including S. aureus proteases

(Aur, ScpA, and SspB), may weaken the host’s innate immune system (Potempa & Pike, 2009) and elastase-deficient P. aeruginosa mutant was less virulent in a guinea pig model (Blackwood et al., 1983). Hence, further study of the protease effect on the toxicity of human cells should be investigated in more detail. Therefore, it is important to understand how the treatment of exogenous protease functions in both S. aureus cells and animal hosts, and this relationship needs to be further clarified. This research LGK-974 molecular weight was supported by the International Research & Development Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) of Korea. We would like to thank all those who donated bacterial strains. J.-H.P. and J.-H.L. contributed equally to this work. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content

or functionality of any supporting check details materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), formed after donation of the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to a methyl acceptor, is reversibly hydrolyzed to adenosine (ADO) and homocysteine (HCY) by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). In chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), sahh, a hypovirus-regulated gene that encodes a deduced SAHH protein was shown to have an SAHH enzymatic activity in vitro. Deletion of sahh resulted in the increased accumulation of intracellular SAH and SAM but decreased ADO, and a remarkably increased accumulation of transcripts that encode adenosine kinase, methionine adenosyltransferase, and an O-methyltransferase, key components of the methylation pathway. The Δsahh knockout mutants showed a phenotype of slower growth rate, fewer aerial hyphae,

loss of orange pigment, absence of cAMP asexual fruiting bodies and conidia, and a significant reduction in virulence. Deletion of sahh significantly reduced the accumulation level of transcripts of the cyp1 that encodes cyclophilin A as well as genes of the heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathways including cpga1, cpgb1, and cpgc1 and ste12, a target activated by the MAP kinase cascade. Taken together, we demonstrated that SAHH is required for virulence and multiple traits of phenotype in C. parasitica, by regulation of the expression of genes involved in key process of the cell. S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH, also known as AdoHcyase) is widespread among prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Walker & Duerre, 1975; Mull et al., 2006; Ctrnáctá et al., 2007; Lozada-Ramírez et al., 2008).

The authors thank the study participants for their contribution to the research, as well as current and past researchers and staff. We would specifically like to thank Deborah Graham, Akt inhibitor Tricia Collingham, Carmen Rock, Brandon Marshall, Caitlin Johnston, Steve Kain, Benita Yip, and Calvin Lai for their research and administrative assistance. Funding: The study was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (R01DA021525) and the Canadian Institutes of Health

Research (MOP-79297 and RAA-79918). TK and M-JM are supported by the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. None of the aforementioned organizations had any further role in study design, the collection, analysis or interpretation

of data, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the work for publication. Conflicts of interest: JM has http://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0980-RG7422.html received educational grants from, served as an ad hoc advisor to or spoken at various events sponsored by Abbott Laboratories, Agouron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Borean Pharma AS, Bristol–Myers Squibb, DuPont Pharma, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffmann–La Roche, Immune Response Corporation, Incyte, Janssen–Ortho Inc., Kucera Pharmaceutical Company, Merck Frosst Laboratories, Pfizer Canada Inc., Sanofi Pasteur, Shire Biochem Inc., Tibotec Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Trimeris Inc. “
“The aim of the study was to determine the prognostic value of HIV replication capacity (RC) for subsequent antiretroviral (ARV) treatment response in ARV-experienced patients. RC and phenotypic resistance testing were performed at baseline and week 12 on plasma

samples from patients randomized to undergo a 12-week ARV drug-free Forskolin solubility dmso period (ARDFP) or initiate immediate salvage therapy (no-ARDFP group) in the Options in Management with Antiretrovirals (OPTIMA) trial. Dichotomous and incremental phenotypic susceptibility scores (dPSSs and iPSSs, respectively) were calculated. The predictive value of RC and PSS for ARV therapy response and/or ARDFP was evaluated using multivariate regression analysis and Pearson correlations. In 146 no-ARDFP subjects, baseline RC (50.8%) did not change at week 12 and was not correlated with CD4 cell count or viral load changes at week 12 (P = 0.33 and P = 0.79, respectively) or at week 24 (P = 0.96 and P = 0.14, respectively). dPSS predicted virological but not CD4 cell count response to ARV therapy at weeks 12, 24 and 48 (P = 0.002, P < 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). RC was significantly correlated with dPSS and iPSS at baseline, but did not increase their predictive value. In the 137 ARDFP patients, RC increased significantly (from 52.4 to 85.