For tuning of the MSD in EI mode perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA) was used as tuning compound. Mass spectra were taken at 2235 EMvolts Selleck Luminespib and fragments from 40 to 550. Interpretation of the mass spectrum of GC-MS was conducted using the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) which consists of more than 62,000 patterns. The spectrum of the unknown component was compared with the spectrum of the known component inherent in the NIST library. The name, molecular weight and structure of the components of the test materials were ascertained. Data are represented by Mean ± S.E.M. Significance of mean values

of different parameters between the treated groups were analysed using one way analysis of variances (ANOVA) after ascertaining the homogeneity of variances between the treatments. Paired comparisons were done by calculating the least significance. Statistical selleck kinase inhibitor tests were performed using Microcal Origin 7.0 for Windows. Each experiment was repeated at least three times with different rats. Figure 1 shows that aqueous curry leaf extract provides protection to the gastric

mucosa against piroxicam induced damage in a dose-dependent manner. Aqueous curry leaf extract pre-administered at 100 mg/kg body weight dose reduced ulcer index by 86.7% against piroxicam fed animal group (**P≤ 0.001), but almost complete protection was rendered when 200 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW doses were administered. This is clearly indicating that the extract at 200 mg/kg BW dose is sufficient to provide protection against piroxicam induced gastric ulceration in rats. Figure 1A and 1B are representative photographs Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK of macroscopic and microscopic

changes in the rat stomach clearly indicating ulcerative damages on feeding rats with piroxicam at 30 mg/kg BW dose orally. Haematoxylin–eosin stained sections reveal that mucosal bleeding occurred on piroxicam feeding, which was protected when graded doses of the aqueous extract was administered before piroxicam feeding. Photographs of the inner surface of stomach show no ulcer spots in the rats fed 200 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW doses of the aqueous extract. Biomarkers of oxidative stress altered in piroxicam induced gastro-toxicity. Lipid peroxidation level and reduced glutathione content were also protected in a dose dependent manner by aqueous curry leaf extract. In figure 1D and 1E curry leaf extract shows reduction in lipid peroxidation level by 53.7% (**P≤0.001 Vs piroxicam fed group) and 1.4 fold increase (**P≤0.001 Vs piroxicam fed group) in reduced glutathione content on administration of 200 mg/kg BW dose prior to oral administration of 30 mg/kg body weight dose of piroxicam.