Values are means (n = 3) and the error bars represent ± standard error of the mean. * = selleck products Statistically significant difference between MRG and NG (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05). Statistically, pH of the E. coli and S. aureus cultures under Selleckchem Repotrectinib MRG and NG conditions were not different in any growth medium with the exception of E. coli at stationary phase in LB (Figure 3). In this case, pH under MRG conditions was significantly higher than the pH in NG controls. Figure 3 pH values of E. coli ( A ) and S. aureus ( B ) culture media under

modeled reduced gravity (MRG) and normal gravity (NG) conditions at different growth phases in different growth media. Values are means (n = 3) and the error bars represent ± standard error of the mean. * = Statistically significant difference between MRG and NG (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05). For E. coli cultures, under MRG compared to NG conditions, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were significantly higher in LB and lower in M9 media at stationary phase, but there were no significant

differences in DO at exponential phase in either medium (Figure learn more 4). For S. aureus cultures in dilute LB, under MRG compared to NG conditions, statistically higher and lower DO concentrations were found at exponential and stationary phase, respectively, and in LB DO between MRG and NG treatments were not significantly different. Figure 4 Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of E. coli ( A ) and S. aureus ( B ) culture media under modeled reduced gravity (MRG) and normal gravity (NG) conditions at different growth phases in different growth media.

Values are means (n = 3) and the error bars represent ± standard error Carnitine dehydrogenase of the mean. * = Statistically significant difference between MRG and NG (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in E. coli biovolume (based on DAPI staining and subsequent Metamorph image analysis; Figure 5A) and protein amounts per cell (Figure 6A) when cells were grown under MRG compared to NG conditions at either growth phase or in either medium. On the other hand, S. aureus had, on average, a smaller biovolume at exponential phase in dilute LB under MRG compared to NG conditions; there were no other significant differences (Figure 5B). The amount of protein per cell did not differ between MRG and NG conditions for S. aureus (Figure 6) Figure 5 E. coli ( A ) and S. aureus ( B ) biovolume under modeled reduced gravity (MRG) and normal gravity (NG) conditions at different growth phases in different growth media. Values are means (n = 3) and the error bars represent ± standard error of the mean. * = Statistically significant difference between MRG and NG (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05). Figure 6 E. coli ( A ) and S. aureus ( B ) total protein contents under modeled reduced gravity (MRG) and normal gravity (NG) conditions at different growth phases in different growth media. Values are means (n = 3) and the error bars represent ± standard error of the mean.