Thus, the timing of sensory inputs relative to odorant sampling is, LY2157299 by itself, sufficient to mediate odor discrimination in the awake animal. The fact that odor encoding and perception can occur after a single inhalation begs the question of why behaving animals modulate their sniffing behavior so profoundly when sampling odors. Here we discuss several hypotheses on how active control of sniff parameters shapes the initial odor representations

formed by ORNs; the following section discusses the consequences of changing sniffing patterns for the central processing of olfactory inputs. One longstanding hypothesis is that animals actively shape ORN response patterns by modulating the rate of air flow over the olfactory epithelium and subsequently ABT-888 price altering how odorant distributes across it (Adrian, 1950 and Mozell, 1964). This idea—which we will call the sorption hypothesis—arises from the fact that the nasal cavity of most vertebrates—mammals in particular—is anatomically complex and forms a narrow space lined

with epithelium and mucus onto which odorant molecules absorb as they flow through the cavity (Yang et al., 2007 and Zhao et al., 2006). This arrangement causes a “chromatographic effect” in which odorants are preferentially absorbed in different locations depending on their solubilities and their flow rate (Mozell and Jagodowicz, 1973 and Yang et al., 2007). The topography of odorant receptor expression across the olfactory epithelium correlates with the areas of maximal sorption for the receptors’ respective ligands, suggesting that receptors are optimally localized to take advantage of the chromatographic effect (Schoenfeld and Cleland, 2006 and Scott et al., 2000). Because the strength, duration and frequency of respiration can change dramatically during odor-guided behavior and because these parameters affect

the rate and total volume of Montelukast Sodium airflow into and out of the nasal cavity, sampling behavior has the potential to alter odorant sorption and, as a consequence, patterns of ORN activation (Mozell et al., 1987 and Youngentob et al., 1987). The sorption hypothesis makes specific predictions about how flow rate should shape activity in the intact animal, and applies to both rodent models and humans (Hahn et al., 1994 and Mozell et al., 1987). The most directly testable is the following: at low flow rates, strongly-sorbed odorants—for example, polar compounds such as alcohols—will be largely removed from the air stream as they pass through the nasal cavity, resulting in fewer odorant molecules available to activate ORNs, particularly those positioned later in the path of airflow.