The Weibull model provided the best description of survival kinetics for Salmonella survival in low-moisture foods. Secondary models were developed which predicted the time required for first decimal reduction (δ) and shape factor values (β) as influenced by

temperature and aw. These models were useful in predicting the survival of Salmonella in several tested low-moisture foods providing acceptable prediction performances. The models were more accurate in predicting the survival of Salmonella in non-fat food systems as compared to foods containing low-fat levels. These models provide baseline information to be used for research on risk mitigation strategies for low-moisture foods. In future research, the models developed will be expanded to include fat content and other food components that may affect Salmonella survival. Available literature data on Salmonella survival studies in low-moisture Ulixertinib nmr foods will be incorporated into future validation studies. Future research will also include survival studies using different initial inoculum levels, different inoculation preparation methods and experiments to determine the effects of salt and sugar on survival kinetics.

This project was supported by the International Life Sciences Institute, North America and by State and Hatch funds allocated to the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station. Authors gratefully acknowledge Maria Sohail for the cocoa powder survival data and the assistance of John Glushka and William Kerr with NMR analyses. “
“Today, food chains are becoming more complicated in the handling, processing, and transportation hypoxia-inducible factor pathway no of food;

hence obtaining safe food is becoming more difficult day by day. Most of the antimicrobial substances and sanitizers used in the food industry for preservation and sanitation are dangerous for human health and harmful to the environment. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for safe antimicrobial substances and sanitizers for the food industry (Lopez-Gomez et al., 2009). Similar trends are also valid for fresh fruits, vegetables, and organic foods. Thus, novel and complementary food preservation technologies are continuously being investigated. Among the alternative food preservation technologies, particular attention has been paid to the physical methods and biopreservation to extend the shelf-life and inhibit undesirable microorganisms, minimizing the impact on the nutritional and organoleptic properties of food products. No method of treatment or sanitation that is currently used in the food industry has been proven capable of inactivating microorganisms attached to fruit or vegetable tissues. Therefore, this review will summarize the basic knowledge and current applications of ultrasound technology as an alternative washing method for avoiding attachment of microorganisms to fruit and vegetable tissues.