The G+C content of genomic DNA was 35 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the new isolate belonged to the class Epsilonproteobacteria, but the isolate ZD1839 was distantly related to the previously described Epsilonproteobacteria

species potentially at the genus level (< 90 %). On the basis of its physiological and molecular characteristics, strain 496Chim(T) (=DSM 22050(Icurrency sign) = JCM 15747(Icurrency sign) = NBRC 105224(Icurrency sign)) represents the sole species of a new genus, Thiofractor, for which the name Thiofractor thiocaminus is proposed.”
“Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are useful tools for learning nonlinear relationships between time-varying inputs and outputs with complex temporal dependencies. Recently developed algorithms have been successful at training RNNs to perform a wide variety PKC412 clinical trial of tasks, but the resulting networks have been treated as black boxes: their mechanism of operation remains unknown. Here we explore the hypothesis that fixed points, both stable and unstable, and the linearized dynamics around them, can reveal crucial aspects of how RNNs implement their computations. Further, we explore the utility

of linearization in areas of phase space that are not true fixed points but merely points of very slow movement. We present a simple optimization technique that is applied to trained RNNs to find the fixed and slow points of their dynamics. Linearization around these slow regions can be used to explore, or reverse-engineer, the behavior of the RNN. We describe the technique, illustrate it using simple examples, and finally showcase it on three high-dimensional RNN examples: a 3-bit flip-flop device, an input-dependent sine wave generator, and a two-point moving average. In all cases, the mechanisms of trained networks could be inferred from the sets https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BafilomycinA1.html of fixed and slow points and the linearized dynamics around them.”
“Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread and persistent beta-herpesvirus. The large DNA genome of HCMV encodes many proteins that are non-essential

for viral replication including numerous proteins subverting host immunosurveillance. One of them is the barely characterized UL20, which is encoded adjacent to the well-defined immunoevasins UL16 and UL18. UL20 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with an immunoglobulin-like ectodomain that is highly polymorphic among HCMV strains. Here, we show that the homodimeric UL20, by virtue of its cytoplasmic domain, does not reach the cell surface but is targeted to endosomes and lysosomes. Accordingly, UL20 exhibits a short half-life because of rapid lysosomal degradation. Trafficking of UL20 to lysosomes is determined by several, independently functioning dileucine-based sorting motifs in the cytoplasmic domain of UL20 and involves the adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-1.