The electron mobility of the undoped GaN film was 178 cm(2)/V s and the value greatly increased to 524 cm(2)/V s by
doping a small amount of Al (up to 0.45% in concentration) into the GaN layer. A further increase in the Al concentration learn more resulted in a degradation of the electron mobility, which decreased to 138 cm(2)/V s when the Al concentration was 0.82%. The output power of a side view light emitting diode (LED) with the Al-doped GaN layer was estimated to be 15.76 mW at a forward current of 20 mA, which improved by 19% compared to that of a conventional LED. These results show that a small amount of Al incorporation into a GaN layer improves the electrical and optical properties of the layer, which are attributed to the reduction of Ga vacancy
and associated defects, such as dislocations.”
“Objectives: This review aimed to summarize the current evidence on the safety/efficacy of cell therapy for the treatment of tendinopathy.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using various databases with relevant keywords. Both original animal and human controlled studies, covering any cell type for the treatment of naturally occurring, overuse or collagenase-induced tendinopathy, and with full text available, were included. The quality of all included studies was assessed. Relevant data on study design, safety and efficacy outcomes were extracted.
Results: Eleven original studies were selected, of which nine were pre-clinical studies using the collagenase-induced tendon injury model and two were clinical studies. Types of cells, scaffolds, dosages and treatment regimens see more used varied. All the studies performed cell injection once. A critical appraisal of the included studies showed sub-optimal blinding. Cell therapy was generally reported to be safe, except minor complications, IPI-549 chemical structure in the short term. Cell therapy was reported to improve tendon architecture in histology but equivocal finding
was observed in sonographic/MRI examination, functional and biomechanical performance.
Conclusions: The current evidence was inadequate to make a conclusion whether cell therapy was safe and effective. Further study with adequate sample size and follow-up time, appropriate controls and optimal blinding is required. Confirmation of finding, using different tendinopathy animal models, by systematic investigation of the effects of cell sources, dosages and regimens on the outcomes, and by the inclusion of tendon pain assessment in both animals and human, is recommended. Research on the mechanisms of how cell worked in tendon repair is essential. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Semin Arthritis Rheum 42:651-666″
“By electrolysis of the N,N-dimethylformamide solution, an attempt was made to simultaneously deposit diamondlike carbon (DLC) films on both surfaces of an aluminum (Al) substrate.