An eight-year history of hypokalemia-induced whole-body weakness brought a 45-year-old female to a clinical diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome. A hard, unyielding mass in her left breast led her to the hospital seeking care. The diagnosis of the tumor was human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. This case report details the first instance of a breast cancer patient with Gitelman syndrome, who also presented with other neoplasms such as a colon polyp, adrenal adenoma, ovarian cyst, and multiple uterine fibroids; we also review related studies.

While holmium laser enucleation of the prostate is a frequently employed surgical procedure for benign prostatic hyperplasia, its impact on prostate cancer cases warrants further investigation. Two patients with metastatic prostate cancer are presented, whose diagnoses occurred during the post-operative follow-up after undergoing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. A 74-year-old male patient underwent holmium laser enucleation of the prostate in Case 1. PSA levels, initially at 43 ng/mL, fell to 15 ng/mL one month following the surgical procedure, yet after 19 months, increased to 66 ng/mL. Following pathological and radiological analysis, a diagnosis of prostate cancer was made, including a Gleason score of 5+4, neuroendocrine differentiation, and a cT3bN1M1a clinical stage. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate was performed on a 70-year-old male, identified as case 2. Following surgery, prostate-specific antigen levels decreased from 72 to 29 ng/mL within six months, only to rise again to 12 ng/mL by the one-year mark. The patient was diagnosed with prostate cancer, exhibiting a Gleason score 4+5 and intraductal carcinoma within the prostate, clinically classified as cT3bN1M1a, based on pathological and radiological findings. Advanced prostate cancer could potentially be newly detected after undergoing a holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, according to this report. Even if the enucleated prostate tissue did not reveal prostate cancer, and even if post-operative PSA readings were below the expected norms, healthcare providers should meticulously track prostate-specific antigen levels post holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, and consider supplementary examinations in light of the potential progression of prostate cancer.

Surgical treatment for the rare malignant soft tissue tumor, vascular leiomyosarcoma, located in the inferior vena cava, is required to prevent complications such as pulmonary embolism and Budd-Chiari syndrome. However, a plan for addressing the surgical removal of advanced cases has not been formulated. This case study highlights the successful surgical and subsequent chemotherapy treatment for advanced leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava. A computed tomography scan of a 44-year-old man disclosed a 1210 cm retroperitoneal tumor. Emerging from the inferior vena cava, the tumor's progression continued beyond the diaphragm into the renal vein. The surgical plan emerged from a shared discussion with the multidisciplinary team. A safe resection of the inferior vena cava was performed, with closure caudal to the porta hepatis, and no synthetic graft was required. Upon examination, the tumor's condition was determined to be leiomyosarcoma. The metastatic disease was managed therapeutically with the sequential application of doxorubicin, then pazopanib. Eighteen months post-surgery, the patient continued to exhibit the same level of functional performance.

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), although infrequently, can lead to a critical adverse event such as myocarditis. Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), while the established standard in myocarditis diagnosis, carries the risk of false negatives from sampling errors and regional unavailability of EMB, ultimately potentially affecting the accurate diagnosis of myocarditis. Consequently, a supplementary standard derived from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), in conjunction with clinical symptoms, has been put forward, yet hasn't been adequately highlighted. Subsequent to ICI treatment, a 48-year-old male with lung adenocarcinoma developed myocarditis, as confirmed via CMRI. KU-55933 CMRI facilitates the diagnosis of myocarditis during concurrent cancer treatment.

The rare occurrence of primary malignant melanoma within the esophagus is unfortunately accompanied by a very poor prognosis. In this report, we examine a patient with primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus who remained free from recurrence after surgical procedures and nivolumab adjuvant therapy. A 60-year-old female patient was identified with the condition of dysphagia. The esophagogastroscopic examination displayed an elevated, dark brownish lesion in the lower portion of the thoracic esophagus. The biopsy's histological evaluation revealed human melanoma of black pigmentation and melan-A positivity. Following a diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma in the esophagus, the patient underwent radical esophagectomy as a course of treatment. As part of the patient's post-operative treatment, nivolumab, at a dosage of 240 milligrams per body weight, was administered every fourteen days. Despite encountering bilateral pneumothorax after two treatment courses, she successfully recovered from the condition following chest drainage. One year after the surgery, nivolumab treatment is still ongoing, and the patient's condition has stayed clear of any recurrence. In conclusion, nivolumab is the preferred postoperative adjuvant treatment for PMME.

A 67-year-old man's metastatic prostate cancer, treated with leuprorelin and enzalutamide, demonstrated radiographic progression after one year of therapy. In spite of the initiation of docetaxel chemotherapy, liver metastasis appeared, characterized by an increase in the serum nerve-specific enolase. A neuroendocrine carcinoma was the pathological diagnosis of the needle biopsy of the right inguinal lymph node metastasis. Initial diagnostic prostate biopsy sample analysis using FoundationOne CDx identified a BRCA1 mutation (intron 3-7 deletion), contrasting with the BRACAnalysis test's finding of no germline BRCA mutation. Subsequent to the commencement of olaparib treatment, there was an impressive remission of tumors, however, the patient simultaneously experienced interstitial pneumonia. In the context of neuroendocrine prostate cancer with BRCA1 gene mutations, this case highlights the potential of olaparib, but also the risk of developing interstitial pneumonia.

A malignant soft tissue tumor, Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), accounts for about one-half of soft tissue sarcomas found in young people. A diagnosis of metastatic RMS, a relatively uncommon finding, affects fewer than 25% of patients and can manifest in a variety of clinical ways.
This report details the case of a 17-year-old boy, whose medical history includes weight loss, fever, and generalized bone pain, and who was admitted for severe hypercalcemia. The definitive diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) was achieved via immune-phenotyping analysis of the metastatic lymph node biopsy. The primary tumor's origin could not be determined. His bone scan demonstrated a diffuse pattern of bone metastasis, coupled with notable technetium uptake in soft tissues, attributable to extra-osseous calcification.
The initial presentation of metastatic RMS can be indistinguishable from lymphoproliferative disorders. Clinicians must especially consider this diagnosis in the evaluation of young adults.
Metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma, in its initial presentation, can mimic the clinical characteristics of lymphoproliferative disorders. Clinicians should prioritize recognizing this diagnosis, especially in young adults.

At our facility, a consultation was initiated by an 80-year-old man experiencing a right submandibular mass roughly 3 cm in diameter. KU-55933 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) highlighted enlarged lymph nodes (LNs) in the right neck, while fluorine-18-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans demonstrated FDG accumulation limited to the right neck lymph nodes. Following a suspicion of malignant lymphoma, an excisional biopsy was performed, revealing the unexpected finding of melanoma. The skin, nasal passages, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and gastrointestinal tract were scrutinized in detail. These diagnostic procedures failed to locate a primary tumor, and consequently, the patient was diagnosed with cervical lymph node metastasis due to melanoma of unknown primary site, classified clinically as T0N3bM0, stage IIIC. Due to his advanced age and co-morbidities, including Alzheimer's disease, the patient declined cervical neck dissection, electing proton beam therapy (PBT) instead, administering a total dose of 69 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) over 23 fractions. His medical intervention did not involve any systemic therapy. A gradual decrease in size occurred within the enlarged lymph nodes. One year after percutaneous thermal ablation, FDG PET/CT imaging demonstrated a reduction in the right submandibular lymph node's dimensions from 27mm to 7mm, and no substantial FDG concentration. At 6 years and 4 months post-PBT, the patient is alive and has not suffered any recurrence, maintaining their overall health.

Among rare gynecological malignancies, uterine adenosarcoma demonstrates clinically aggressive behavior in a range of 10% to 25% of cases. While TP53 mutations are commonly found in high-grade uterine adenosarcomas, the specific genetic alterations in uterine adenosarcomas remain elusive. KU-55933 Indeed, no reports have documented mutations within homologous recombination deficiency-associated genes in uterine adenosarcomas. Clinically aggressive behavior was a characteristic of the uterine adenosarcoma, a case detailed in this study, marked by a TP53 mutation and lacking sarcomatous overgrowth. An ATM mutation, a gene associated with homologous recombination deficiency, was present in the patient, who demonstrated a favorable response to platinum-based chemotherapy, prompting consideration of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors as a possible treatment.