“
“Objective: To describe the clinical features of pen cap aspiration

and removal techniques.

Study design: We retrospectively reviewed all children with a history of inhaling a pen cap who were referred to the ENT department, at Beijing Children’s Hospital, between Jan 2006 and Dec 2010.

Methods Clinical data was recorded, including patients’ common information, physical examination, radiologic data and final outcome.

Results: QNZ in vitro Data from 44 children, with a median age of 8.7 years of age (35 months to 12 years) and a male-female ratio of 7.8:1 were analyzed. The time between inhalation and diagnosis with extraction of the foreign body ranged from several hours to 6 years, but 75% (33/44) were seen within one week. 89% (39/44) had pen caps removed by rigid bronchoscopy undergeneral anesthesia. Reverse grasping forceps were used in 62% of the cases and ordinary forceps in 38% CBL0137 manufacturer of the cases (24/15, p < 0.05). In 2 cases, the pen caps were coughed up. In 2 cases the FB was removed via a tracheotomy and in 1 case by thoracotomy.

Conclusions: Pen caps are an unusual foreign body in the airway, occurring frequently in school age children. Rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia with reverse grasping forceps was the most favorable method for extraction of pen caps, but open surgical approaches should be available. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

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“Introduction. There are no adequate head-tohead comparisons of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in type 2 diabetic patients in spite of some interesting attempts. Furthermore, there are no adequate studies about the effects of ACE inhibitors in type 2 diabetic patients, who are the Stem Cell Compound Library chemical structure great majority of diabetic

individuals. This study has retrospectively compared the effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs used to treat diabetic nephropathy in a group of type 2 diabetic subjects.

Design and methods. Patients (n=154) were treated with ACE inhibitors (mean age 59.5 +/- 13.3 years, 52.6% were male). Eighty-five patients had been treated with ARBs from 1999 until now (mean age 62.6 +/- 10.9 years, 56.0% were male, differences not significant). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate survival before reaching end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (glomerular filtration < 15 ml/min, stage V of renal disease as defined by KDOQI clinical guidelines) or starting renal replacement therapy. Only patients treated for more than six months were included in the survival analysis. Comparison of survival was made at three, five and seven years after starting treatment.

Results. Pre-ESRD survival was 91.9% at three years, 81.6% at five years and 61.9% at seven years of follow-up for patients treated with ACE inhibitors.