“
“Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a specialised subset of T cells that are restricted to the MHC class I like molecule, CD1d. The ligands for iNKT cells are lipids, with the canonical superagonist being α-galactosylceramide, a non-mammalian glycosphingolipid. Trafficking of CD1d through the lysosome is required for the development of murine iNKT cells. Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by dysfunction in either of two lysosomal proteins, NPC1 or NPC2, resulting in the storage of multiple lipids, including glycosphingolipids. In the NPC1 mouse model, iNKT cells are virtually undetectable, which

Fulvestrant in vivo is likely due to the inability of CD1d to be loaded with the selecting ligand due to defective lysosomal function and/or CD1d trafficking. However, in this study we have found that in NPC1 patients iNKT cells are present at normal frequencies, with no phenotypic or functional differences. In addi-tion, antigen-presenting cells derived from NPC1 patients

are functionally competent to present several different CD1d/iNKT-cell ligands. This further supports the hypothesis that there are different trafficking requirements for the development of murine and human iNKT cells, and a functional lysosomal/late-endosomal compartment is not required for human iNKT-cell development. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are defined by their invariant T-cell receptor and restriction to the MHC class I like molecule, CD1d. iNKT Histone demethylase cells express Alvelestat order multiple markers associated with NK cells and have the ability to rapidly release both TH1 (e.g. IFN-γ) and TH2 (e.g. IL-4) cytokines after engagement, acting as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity [1]. iNKT cells play important roles in host protection against pathogens, cancer and auto-immunity. iNKT cells are lipid-reactive, with the canonical superagonist being α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) a non-mammalian glycosphingolipid.

Mammalian glycosphingolipids (GD3 and iGb3), mammalian phospholipids and pathogen-derived glycolipids (α-galactosyl diacylglycerol, α-glyucuronsyl ceramides) have also been shown to activate iNKT cells [2]. iNKT cells develop in the thymus, where they undergo a process of positive selection with double positive thymocytes presenting selecting ligand(s) on CD1d [3]. Rodents only have one member of the CD1 family, CD1d, whereas humans have five members, CD1a to CD1e [4], that have differential intracellular trafficking patterns [5]. Murine CD1d exhibits a broad intracellular trafficking pattern, transiting through early and late endosomes, and also the lysosome, which is necessary for successful thymic selection [6, 7]. In addition, functional lysosomes are required for the presentation of activating ligands to murine iNKT cells [8].