In a queenless condition, several workers activate their ovaries and become egg layers ( Velthuis, 1970),

but this can significantly differ between colony patrilines thus reflecting genotype constitution ( Makert et al., 2006). The enhanced fertility in some Osimertinib research buy patrilines may involve predisposition for a faster activation of the ovaries ( Page and Robinson, 1994, Oldroyd et al., 2001 and Martin et al., 2002), and additionally, may be linked to a developmental ability to maintain a higher ovariole number ( Makert et al., 2006), considering that the degeneration of most of the ovarioles in worker-destined larvae, but not in queen-destined larvae is part of the caste differentiation program ( Hartfelder and Steinbrück, 1997 and Schmidt Capella and Hartfelder, 1998). In our

experiments, 6 groups containing each 40 newly emerged worker bees from 3 honey bee colonies (2 groups randomly collected per colony) were confined during 9 days in small cages to assess the costs of bacterial infection on ovary activation (Fig. 3, insert). Beebread was given to all group pairs to propitiate ovary activation, but only one group in each pair was bacterially infected. Considering the polyandry inherent to A. mellifera queen reproduction, it is very possible that find more the variety of intracolonial patrilines was not equally represented in the group pairs. However, neither in a standard colony the patrilines are equally present at a given time period. As in our experiments each group pair was collected from the same colony, headed by a single queen, there was a certain degree of population homogeneity. The genotypic discrepancies between the group pairs were not sufficient to obfuscate the effect of infection on ovary activation. Altogether, our results demonstrate a relationship between 6-phosphogluconolactonase nutrition and effect of infection on transcript and protein levels, and ovary status (activated/non-activated). In beebread-fed bees, the bacterial

infection was costly in terms of transcription of vg, vgr, hex70a and vasa genes and storage of Vg and Hex 70a proteins. Furthermore, the costs of infection impaired ovary activation. There has been recent evidence in the literature that the genes and proteins involved in biological processes other than the production of immune effectors are down-regulated by infection ( Scharlaken et al., 2007 and Scharlaken et al., 2008). Two putative storage protein genes were markedly repressed after bacterial infection in the eri-silkworm Samia cynthia ricini, suggesting that infection shuts down expression of dispensable genes in favor of immune-related genes ( Meng et al., 2008). Similarly, parasitism in Drosophila caused reductions in the size and number of eggs ( Fellowes et al.