Hence, our data covers statistics, conceptual modelling and oral histories that enable identification of historical patterns and future

predictions. Besides laying the foundation for our analytical framework, these criteria influenced our research strategy and guided the choice and design of our field methods. The article draws on research and data from repeated fieldwork in 2007–2011. The study is predominately qualitative, based on various types of interviews and focus groups, participatory exercises and a multi-stakeholder workshop but also includes certain crucial quantitative information such as a household survey and rainfall data (Table 1). Four smallholder farming communities (Onjiko, MDV3100 research buy Thurdibuoro, Kunsugu and Kisumwa) located in the coastal low-lying provinces of Nyanza, Kenya and

Mara, Tanzania (Fig. 2) participated in the study. Table 1 Fieldwork data collection and participatory activities in Kenya and Tanzania When How Who Where (Kenya) Where (Tanzania) What September 2006 Semi-structured interviews Key informants working INCB018424 on vulnerability related issues University of Nairobi, UNEP, SIDA CARE, ILRI, ICRAF, ACTS University of Dar Es Salaam, ViAFP, CEEST Key problems and challenges of small scale agriculture

in the LVB, predicted climate change and impacts, national and local adaptation policies and strategies September–October 2007 Household questionnaires HH randomly selected based on two criteria: exposure to drought/flood and engagement in agroforestry 100 HH in two locations; click here Onjiko and Thurdibuoro, 100 HH in two wards; Kisumwa and Kunsugu Demographics, livelihood activities and Gemcitabine supplier assets, agroforestry practices, climate information and impacts, coping mechanisms, assistance October–November 2008 Informal open ended discussions Extension officers at Vi-Agroforestry One working in Nyando district One working in Musoma district Outlining features of the place. Identifying resource use. Locating droughts and floods. Discussing cultural traditions and practices, and the moral economy. Tracing land rights and land tenure October–November 2008 Historical transect walks Location chiefs in selected locations/wards One each in Onjiko, Thurdibuoro (n = 2) One each in Kisumwa and Kunsugu (n = 2) Comparing changes in resource use, livelihood activities and landscape over time.