Five-minute pretreatment with 10-50 nM 17 beta-estradiol protected female but not male neurons from glutamate toxicity 24 h later. Both estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) and estrogen receptor beta (ER beta) are expressed in these cultures. Experiments using an ER alpha selective agonist or antagonist indicate that this receptor is important check details for neuroprotection in female cortical neurons. The ER beta selective agonist conveys a small degree of neuroprotection to both male and female cortical neurons. Interestingly, we found that 17 alpha estradiol and the novel membrane estrogen receptor (mER) agonist STX, but not bovine serum albumin conjugated

estradiol or the GPR30 agonist G1 were neuroprotective in both male and female neurons. Taken together these data highlight a role for ER alpha in sexually dimorphic neuroprotection. Published by Elsevier Torin 1 chemical structure Ltd on behalf of IBRO.”
“Poliovirus (PV) 2A(pro) has been considered important for PV replication and is known to be toxic to host cells. A 2A(pro)-deficient PV would potentially be less toxic and ideal as a vector. To examine whether 2A(pro) is needed to form progeny virus, a full-length cDNA of dicistronic (dc) PV with (pOME) or without (pOME Delta 2A) 2A(pro) was constructed in the strain PV1(M)OM. RNAs of both pOME and pOME Delta 2A were capable of forming

progeny viruses, called OME and OME Delta 2A, respectively. In their ability to induce a cytopathic effect (CPE), the strains ranked as OME Delta 2A < OME is approximately equal

to PV1(M) OM. These results suggest that 2A(pro) is not essential for full-length dc PV to form progeny virus and that it contributes to the efficient viral replication and/or induction of a CPE. To clarify whether 2A(pro) is essential for P1-null however (lacking the entire coding sequence for capsid proteins) PV, the RNA replication activity of P1-null PV (pOM Delta P1) or P1-null PV without 2A(pro) (pOM Delta P1 Delta 2A) or without both 2A(pro) and 2B (pOM Delta P1 Delta 2A Delta 2B) was examined. The RNAs of pOM Delta P1 and pOM Delta P1 Delta 2A could replicate and form progeny viruses under a trans supply of P1 protein, whereas the RNA of pOM Delta P1 Delta 2A Delta 2B could not. These results suggest that 2A(pro) is not needed for the replication of P1-null PV, although it is important for PV RNA replication and inducing a CPE. To know whether a 2A(pro)-deficient PV can be used as a vector, a P1-null PV containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) coding sequence with or without 2A(pro) was examined. It expressed fluorescent protein. This result suggests that 2A(pro)-deficient PV can express foreign genes.”
“Estrogens are important in the development, maintenance and physiology of the CNS.