Cultures were subsequently serially diluted in water, plated on BCYE for colony forming unit (CFU) counting. In heat resistance assays, cells from 1 ml broth cultures

were centrifuged at 5, 000 g for 5 min and then resuspended in AYE. Samples for heat-shock were placed in a 57°C water bath for 20 min, with the control in a 37°C water bath. Cells were Vactosertib washed and serially diluted in AYE, and spread on BCYE for CFU counting. Stress resistance was calculated as [(stressed sample CFU ml-1)/(control sample Selleck Smoothened Agonist CFU ml-1)] × 100. Sodium sensitivity assay Sodium sensitivity assay was performed as previously described [65]. Briefly, cells from 1 ml broth cultures were centrifuged at 5, 000 g for 5 min and then resuspended in AYE. Subsequently, the cell suspensions were serially diluted in water, and spotted on BCYE and BCYE containing 100 mM NaCl or spread on plates for CFU counts. Sodium sensitivity was calculated as [(BCYE-100 RAD001 research buy mM NaCl

CFU ml-1)/(BCYE CFU ml-1)] × 100. Electron microscopy For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), L. pneumophila cells in exponential or stationary phase were collected by centrifugation at 5,000 g for 2 minutes, and then washed 3 times with 1×PBS. After being fixed by 2% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4) and 1% osmium tetroxide followed by dehydration in a graded ethanol series and isoamyl acetate embedding, the cells were dried by using a critical point drying method, and mounted on aluminum stubs and shadowed with gold. For visualization, a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi/Oxford S-520/INCA 300) was used at 10 kV. For Cryo-transmisson electron microscopy, L. pneumophila cells were collected and washed using the same method as above. The cells were then resuspended in 1×PBS and 4 μl sample aliquots were directly

applied to a holey carbon film grid (R3.5/1 Quantifoil Micro Tools GmbH, Jena, Germany), followed by blotting with filter paper (Whatman #1) for about 3 seconds. The grid was then immediately flash frozen by plunging into pre-cooled liquid ethane. The cryo-grid was held in a Gatan 626 Cryo-Holder (Gatan, USA) and transferred into TEM (JEOL JEM-2010 with 200 kv LaB6 filament) at -172°C. The sample was scanned and observed under minimal dose condition at -172°C. The micrographs were recorded by a Gatan 832 CCD camera at a nominal magnification Histidine ammonia-lyase of 10,000~ 50,000× and at the defocus of 3-5.46 μm. Amoebae plate test (APT) APT was performed as previously described [45]. Briefly, A. castellanii cells were cultured in PYG medium for 3 days prior to the test. A medium change was carried out one day before the test. The amoebae cells were washed off from the tissue culture flask, collected by centrifugation at 2,000 rpm for 5 min and resuspended in PYG to a density of 2 × 106 ml-1. 2 × 106 A. castellanii cells were spread on BCYE agar plates, and incubated at room temperature overnight.