Concomitantly, tests for growth in 6.5% NaCl and in Granada™ Biphasic broth (Biomérieux), bile-esculin or sodium hippurate hydrolysis, and susceptibility to bacitracin and sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim were also performed. Bacteria were kept at -20°C in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, Oxoid) containing 20% glycerol 5-Fluoracil mouse and 5% sheep blood. DNA extraction Total DNA of all GBS isolates was extracted following the procedures described by de-Paris et al. [42] with minor modifications. Briefly, a single bacterial colony was added to 3 mL TSB and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The cultures were centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 5 min, the bacterial pellets were washed

twice with sterile 0.15 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, resuspended in 300 μL sterile www.selleckchem.com/products/H-89-dihydrochloride.html solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA and boiled (100°C) for 20 min. Cellular debris was removed by centrifugation, and a 2-μL aliquot of supernatant was used in all amplification reactions. Capsular typing and genotyping The identification of capsular type (Ia, Ib, II-IX) of all GBS isolates was performed by multiplex PCR assay as described by Imperi et al. [43]. Non-typeable isolates were designated as NT. The genetic clonal relatedness of the isolates was analyzed by MLVA using six markers named as SAG2, SAG3, SAG4, SAG7, SAG21 and SAG22 as

described by Haguenoer et al. [32]. Cluster analysis were performed using the UPGMA algorithm of the Bionumerics v. 4.6 software (Applied Mathematics, Kortrijk, Belgium), and a cutoff value of 85% similarity was applied to define MLVA types. The genetic diversity in MLVA profiles of the isolates was calculated with Hunter-Gaston index [44]. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern GBS isolates were tested Ribonucleotide reductase for antimicrobial susceptibility

to nine antimicrobials (ampicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, penicillin and vancomycin) using the disk-diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for erythromycin and clindamycin were determined by the agar-dilution method. MIC was determined at 100% growth inhibition. Both methods were performed and interpreted according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute [45]. The GBS phenotypes showing resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin were determined by the double-disk diffusion method as described by Seppala et al. [46]. Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 were used as controls. PCR primer design and detection of virulence determinants and erythromycin and clindamycin resistance encoding genes The nucleotide sequences of virulence determinants (cylE, hylB and pilus islands encoding PI-1, PI-2a and PI-2b) and erythromycin and clindamycin resistance (ermA, ermB and mefA/E) encoding genes from S.