+, complete reaction; -, reaction without DNA. C. RT-PCR analysis of rRNA gene expression. +RT, complete reaction; -RT, reaction without reverse transcriptase. Growth rate of B. burgdorferi and synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein under different conditions of nutrition and temperature To identify the effect of growth rate and (p)ppGpp levels in B. burgdorferi, we examined growth and accumulation of DNA, RNA and protein in B. burgdorferi cultured at 34°C in BSK-H in the presence or absence of rabbit serum (an attempt at nutritional variation) and in B. burgdorferi cultured in BSK-H in the presence of rabbit serum at 34°C and 23°C (temperature variation). B. burgdorferi B31 was used for these

experiments because the high cellular Caspase activation HDAC inhibitors in clinical trials concentrations it reaches during in vitro culture (> 3 ×108 cells/ml) facilitated

obtaining sufficient quantities of cells to permit measurement of DNA, RNA and protein by colorimetric assays [22, 23]. Because rRNA selleck constitutes more than 80% of total cellular RNA [11], rRNA was estimated from measurements of total RNA. At 34°C, the growth rate of B. burgdorferi and synthesis of total DNA, RNA and protein were unaffected by the presence or absence of rabbit serum as spirochetes grew from 3 × 104 to 3 × 108 cells/ml (Figure 3). Levels of RNA and protein per cell in B. burgdorferi were similar to those in slow-growing E. coli [8], while the level of DNA per Phosphoglycerate kinase cell was similar to that of normally

dividing E. coli [8]. At 23°C, there was a lag in increases in B. burgdorferi cell numbers and total DNA, RNA and protein; in addition growth rate was slower, final concentrations of cells were three times lower (Figure 3A), as were total DNA, RNA and protein relative to those at 34°C (Figure 3B-D). These differences did not appear to be due to triggering of the stringent response by these environmental variations, since similar amounts of (p)ppGpp were detected in B. burgdorferi B31 grown in BSK-H in the presence or absence of rabbit serum at 34°C or in the presence of rabbit serum at 23°C (Figure 4). These results indicate that the absence of rabbit serum in BSK-H did not trigger slow growth at 34°C or changes in (p)ppGpp levels at either temperature. Figure 3 Cell growth (A), total DNA (B), total RNA (C) and total protein (D) (mean ± SE) per ml in B. burgdorferi B31 cultured in BSK-H at 34°C in the presence (solid circle) or absence (open circle) of 6% rabbit serum, and in BSK-H at 23°C in the presence of 6% of rabbit serum (triangle); Data point symbols obscure the error bars in some cases; Mean (± SE) DNA (E), RNA (F) and protein (G) per B. burgdorferi B31 cell after culture in BSK-H containing 6% of rabbit serum at 34°C (black bar), in BSK-H containing no serum at 34°C (white bar), or in BSK-H containing 6% of rabbit serum at 23°C (gray bar).