(c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Proton beam writing is a direct-write technique and a promising Fedratinib datasheet method for the micromachining of commodity plastics such as acrylic resins. Herein, we describe the fabrication of microscopic devices made from a relatively thick (similar to 75 mu m) acrylic sheet using proton beam writing. In addition, a software package that converts image pixels into coordinates data was developed, and the successful fabrication of a very fine jigsaw puzzle was achieved. The size of the jigsaw puzzle pieces was 50 x 50 mu m. For practical use, a prototype of a line and space test-chart was also successfully fabricated for the

determination of spatial resolution in neutron radiography. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V.

All rights reserved.”
“Sulfate esters and analogs are important species in synthetic chemistry, in processes catalyzed by sulfatases and in atmospheric chemistry because of their role as precursors in the formation of aerosols. In order to understand the intrinsic reactivity of these systems toward simple nucleophiles and the lack of reactivity in the sulfur center, calculations were carried out for (MeO)(2)SO2, MeS(OMe)O-2 and (MeO)(2)SO reacting with OH-, NH2-, SH-, F-, MeO- and EtO- at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) level of theory. Our results are in agreement with previous experimental gas-phase studies that showed substitution at the C atom (S(N)2@C) and elimination promoted by abstraction of a proton Etomoxir purchase followed by release of formaldehyde (E(CO)2) to be the main reaction channels for dimethyl sulfate and sulfite, and proton transfer (PT) for methyl methanesulfonate. Our calculations show that the barriers for substitution at the S atom (S(N)2@S) are comparable,

and sometimes even lower in energy, than the barriers calculated for the S(N)2@C pathway for strong nucleophiles such as OH- and NH2-. Yet, S(N)2@S reactions are only observed in a few cases in dimethyl sulfite in reactions promoted by delocalized carbanions. Calculations that map out the energy profile of the nucleophile approaching ABT-737 solubility dmso the C and S center reveal a much more favorable energy pathway for reaction at the C center due to the electrostatic repulsion of the oxygens surrounding the S center. Therefore, reactivity at the S center in these systems is dictated-by a delicate balance between the reaction dynamics and the thermochemistry of these systems and attack of strong nucleophiles at the S center, although thermochemically favorable, is dynamically hindered and thus promote crossing over to the C route pathway. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Examining the actual state of canopy gaps in forests is critically important for evaluating forest community structure and dynamics, and for comparing gap disturbance regimes in different forests.