aureus. In the case of nucleases, the treatment of DNase up to 28 units and RNase up to 1 mg mL−1 did not much influence the biofilm dispersal of two S. aureus strains (ATCC 25923 and ATCC 6538; Fig. S2). In contrast, bacterial proteases, including S. aureus proteases

(Aur, ScpA, and SspB), may weaken the host’s innate immune system (Potempa & Pike, 2009) and elastase-deficient P. aeruginosa mutant was less virulent in a guinea pig model (Blackwood et al., 1983). Hence, further study of the protease effect on the toxicity of human cells should be investigated in more detail. Therefore, it is important to understand how the treatment of exogenous protease functions in both S. aureus cells and animal hosts, and this relationship needs to be further clarified. This research LGK-974 molecular weight was supported by the International Research & Development Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) of Korea. We would like to thank all those who donated bacterial strains. J.-H.P. and J.-H.L. contributed equally to this work. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content

or functionality of any supporting check details materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), formed after donation of the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to a methyl acceptor, is reversibly hydrolyzed to adenosine (ADO) and homocysteine (HCY) by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). In chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), sahh, a hypovirus-regulated gene that encodes a deduced SAHH protein was shown to have an SAHH enzymatic activity in vitro. Deletion of sahh resulted in the increased accumulation of intracellular SAH and SAM but decreased ADO, and a remarkably increased accumulation of transcripts that encode adenosine kinase, methionine adenosyltransferase, and an O-methyltransferase, key components of the methylation pathway. The Δsahh knockout mutants showed a phenotype of slower growth rate, fewer aerial hyphae,

loss of orange pigment, absence of cAMP asexual fruiting bodies and conidia, and a significant reduction in virulence. Deletion of sahh significantly reduced the accumulation level of transcripts of the cyp1 that encodes cyclophilin A as well as genes of the heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathways including cpga1, cpgb1, and cpgc1 and ste12, a target activated by the MAP kinase cascade. Taken together, we demonstrated that SAHH is required for virulence and multiple traits of phenotype in C. parasitica, by regulation of the expression of genes involved in key process of the cell. S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH, also known as AdoHcyase) is widespread among prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Walker & Duerre, 1975; Mull et al., 2006; Ctrnáctá et al., 2007; Lozada-Ramírez et al., 2008).