Antibody dilutions were 1:2000 for KPNA2 (BD, USA), 1:200 for PLAG1 (Biossy, USA), 1:1000 for Lamin B (Santa Cruz) and 1:5000 for ACTB (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), respectively. Antibody binding was detected using an Odyssey infrared scanner (Li-Cor Biosciences Inc). Construction of in vitro gain

or loss-of-function models Expression vector encoding the human KPNA2 genes were purchased from Fulen Gen Company (Guangzhou, China). SiRNAs targeting to KPNA2 and PLAG1 were synthesized by GenePharma Company (Shanghai, China). The sequences of siRNAs were disclosed as: KPNA2-Si144: sense, 5’-ACGAAUUGGCAUGGUGGUGAATT-3’, and MK-8669 mouse antisense, 5’-TTUGCUUAACCGUACCACCACUU-3’; KPNA2-Si467: sense, 5’-CCGGGUGUUGAUUCCGAATT-3’, and antisense, 5’-TTGGCCCACAACUAAGGCUU-3’; PLAG1-Si: sense, 5’-GCACAUGGCUACUCAUUCUTT-3’, and antisense, 5’-TTCGUGUACCGAUGAGUAAGA-3’. KPNA2 expression vectors and siRNAs were transfected into HCC cells by Lipo2000 reagent (Life Technologies, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The expression of KPNA2 or PLAG1 in the transfected cells was examined by RT-PCR and Western Blot after 48 h. Cells transfected with empty vector or a scrambled siRNA were used as negative controls. We acquired cell clones with KPNA2 over-expression using puromycin. Cell proliferation assay Approximately 2 × 103 HCC cells were plated

in 96-well plates. Cell proliferation was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (Dojindo SAHA HDAC purchase Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. All of the experiments were performed in triplicate. The cell proliferation curves were plotted using the absorbance at each time point. Transwell assay The 24-well Boyden chamber with 8-μm pore size Protirelin polycarbonate membrane (Corning, NY) was used to analyze the migration of tumor cells. Approximately 1 × 104 HCC cells were plated into chamber. HCC cells were plated into chamber 36 h after siRNA transfection (for both KPNA2 and PLAG1). About 24 hours later, the non-migrating cells on the upper chambers were removed using

a cotton swab and migratory cells were stained. Cell number were plotted as the average number of migrated cells from 5 random microscopic fields. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) Cell lysates were prepared from SMMC7721 and Huh7 cells without any KPNA2 manipulation. KPNA2 polyclonal antibody described above was diluted 1:1000. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed according to manufacture of Pierce Classic IP Kit (USA). Briefly, the protein extracts were incubated with either a specific primary antibody or a IgG control antibody overnight at 4°C. Five percent of whole cell lysates was saved as input controls. Immune complexes were collected on Protein A agarose. After washing three times with 0.7 ml of protein lysis buffer, the precipitates were boiled and analyzed using SDS/PAGE (10–12% gel) followed by western blotting to analyze the protein.