6, 17 This tolerance of polyploidy suggests that specific checkpoints, which either maintain a diploid state and/or eliminate cells that exhibit altered ploidy, may be lacking in hepatic tissue. Although p53 is implicated in mitotic surveillance of cultured immortalized and tumor-derived cells,18, 19 this has not been assessed during normal development or under conditions of induced cellular proliferation and tissue regeneration. To address this, we determined selleck chemicals the ploidy status of live WT (p53+/+) and p53-null hepatocytes during normal development by flow cytometry and analysis of DNA content (Fig. 1A). Consistent with previous studies

of p53+/+ mouse liver, we observed that 60% of total hepatocytes in quiescent, 4- to 5-month-old p53+/+ liver were tetrapoloid (4c), with a second, major population of diploid cells (2c, ∼30%) CHIR-99021 in vitro and a smaller fraction of octaploid cells (8c, ∼10%). However, in quiescent p53−/− mouse liver of the same age, less than 50% of hepatocytes were

tetraploid, and many were octaploid (>30%). Concomitantly, there was a significantly reduced number of diploid cells. This distribution in ploidy was dependent on p53 dosage, as indicated by an intermediate ploidy phenotype in heterozygous, p53+/− hepatocytes. These data suggest that hepatocyte ploidy, during normal growth and development of the liver, is monitored by a p53-dependent process. To determine whether p53 acts in mitotic surveillance during acute injury response, we used a model of surgically induced growth and replacement of liver tissue. We compared 2-month-old p53+/+ and p53−/− mice, which have fewer differences in ploidy at t = 0 than 4- to 5-month-old mice (data not shown and Fig. 1A). Two-thirds PH of mouse liver elicited a synchronized wave of cell cycle re-entry, proliferation, mitosis, and growth in the remnant liver, to regenerate and restore the size of the liver (liver/body weight ratio or Adenosine liver index) to its presurgical set point (Supporting Fig. 1A).20 In situ staining of the DNA replication marker Ki67 revealed dividing hepatocytes at 48 hours after two-thirds PH in p53+/+ and p53−/− mice (Fig.

1B, left panel). Strikingly, binucleated Ki67(+) p53−/− hepatocytes were present at four-fold higher numbers than in p53+/+ liver (Fig. 1B, right panel), suggesting enhanced proliferation and/or cytokinesis failure. To examine ploidy, we analyzed nuclear content at various times following PH. Whereas nuclear content is equivalent to ploidy class in quiescent adult livers (e.g., 4c DNA = tetraploid cell),3 nuclear content in regenerating livers is complicated by ploidy class and cell cycle status. For instance, in proliferating hepatocytes, 4c DNA content indicates either a tetraploid cell in G0/G1 or a diploid cell in G2. Therefore, to focus exclusively on polyploid hepatocytes, we examined cells with nuclear content of 8c or higher.