59 CI95% [1.71–3.93] for anti-HBc positivity, 6.00 CI95% [3.56–10.13] for HBsAg positivity and 2.67 CI95% [1.43–5.00] for being a chronic carrier (Table 4). A family having a HBV chronic mother

is at high risk of having multiple (more than 2) HBV carriers (AOR = 35.79 CI95% [17.56–72.94]; p < 10−3). The risk of multiple HBV carriers associated with HBV chronic father is 19.40 CI95% [7.65–49.28] (p < 10−3). Scarification practices in the family multiplies the risk of multiple HBV carriers by 4.20 CI95% [2.25–7.84] (p < 10−3). The mean age at infection was 30.4 in hyperendemic versus 34.5 in meso-endemic and 41.5 in hypo-endemic areas. Likewise, the estimation of the proportions of those susceptible was correlated with different endemicity levels for HBV transmission. The basic reproductive number BVD-523 concentration was 1.26, 1.55 and 2.64 in hypo-, meso- and hyper-endemic areas respectively (Table 5). The force of infection

(FOI) was significantly higher in the hyperendemic areas compared to meso- and hypo-endemic ones, particularly during childhood and early infancy. By http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ink128.html the age of ∼30 years, the transmission seems to be similar among the three groups and slightly increases among meso- and hypo-endemic areas for adults. In hyperendemic area, the FOI peaked in infancy and early childhood, declined rapidly with age, dropped to a low level and remained constant after at the age of 30 years (Fig. 4). The overall prevalence of anti-HBc, HBsAg and chronic carriage was 28.5, 5.3 and 2.9%, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the two governorates and between districts revealing important heterogeneity in HBV transmission within the same governorate. Analysis of MRIP risk factors demonstrate that the

presence of a family member infected with HBV, scarification practices, needle practices in the Primary Care Center and gender (male) significantly increased the risk of anti-Hbc, HBsAg positivity and chronic carriage of infection while existence of sanitation in the house was found to be protective. Despite the wealth of information provided by previous research conducted in Tunisia, these studies suffered from several methodological shortcomings [2], [3] and [4]. They were limited either by the hospital-based character of samples, or by the fact that they were restricted to some risk groups or had a narrow age range, such as military recruits. Therefore, their findings cannot be generalized to the total population. Furthermore, the chronic carriage of the virus in previous studies was rarely assessed by two consecutive measurements at a time interval greater than 6 months. Moreover, few studies attempted to properly address with representative samples the comparison of patterns of infection and chronic carriage in northern and southern parts of the country. The risk factors for infection and chronic carriage are not fully understood.