57 and 0.36, respectively), suggesting the two phenomena were not related. Declining CFU viability from exposure to increased peroxide concentration did correlate statistically with the loss of membrane integrity after exposure of BC and EC to H2O2 (p = 0.005 and 0.004, respectively). Though membrane integrity of KP was statistically unaffected by H2O2 exposure while CFU viability did significantly decline with increasing H2O2 concentration, the two parameters are not statistically independent of each other (p = 0.02). Figure 2 H 2 O 2 and HOCl-induced membrane permeability. Bacteria were exposed to reagent A) H2O2 or B) HOCl as

indicated, and the effect of the Niraparib oxidant on membrane integrity was measured by the BacLight Bacterial Viability selleck chemicals llc and Counting Kit (Molecular Probes). Membrane integrity of PsA, SA, and KP were not significantly affected by H2O2 up to 5 mM by single-factor ANOVA analyses. All organisms tested demonstrated HOCl dose-dependent membrane permeability except SA which remained unaffected up to 0.1 mM. Error bars represent standard deviations of at least n = 3 experiments. Figure 3 Correlating H 2 O 2 -mediated membrane permeabilization and CFU viability. For BC, KP, and EC, loss of membrane integrity correlated statistically with decline in CFU viability while these two parameters were statistically independent of each

other for PsA and SA. Solid circles

and lines: membrane integrity. Open circles and dotted lines: bacterial viability. Both parameters SN-38 price were expressed as percent relative to oxidant-free controls. P-values represent linear regression of the raw data values from membrane permeability versus bacterial viability. Values less than 0.05 were considered significant and denote correlation between the parameters; values greater than 0.05 indicate independence of the parameters. Error bars represent standard deviation of at least n Nutlin-3 nmr = 3 experiments. Membrane integrity of PsA, BC, KP, and EC was affected significantly by exposure to up to 0.1 mM HOCl, in a dose-dependent manner, as compared to each corresponding buffer controls (p = 0.007, 0.003, 0.002, and <0.0001, respectively, by One-way ANOVA test; Figure 2B), while SA membrane integrity was unaffected by these concentrations. Furthermore, linear regression tests, shown in Figure 4, revealed that CFU viability was abolished at lower concentrations than those required to produce the same degree of membrane permeabilization in PsA, SA, and KP; that is, no correlation was detected between these two parameters for each organism (p = 0.09, 0.30, and 0.13, respectively). BC and EC demonstrated HOCl-induced membrane permeabilization that correlated significantly with CFU viability of these organisms after oxidant exposure (p = 0.004, and 0.004, respectively).