Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic, reduces characteristic sym

Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic, reduces characteristic symptoms of marijuana withdrawal in a variety of psychiatric conditions, including mood lability, sleep disruption BEZ235 nmr and anorexia. This human laboratory study investigated the effectiveness

of quetiapine to decrease marijuana withdrawal and relapse to marijuana use in non-treatment-seeking marijuana smokers. Volunteers were maintained on placebo or quetiapine (200mg/day) in this double-blind, counter-balanced, within-subject study consisting of two 15-day medication phases, the last 8 days of which were in-patient. On the first in-patient day, active marijuana [6.2% delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)] was repeatedly smoked under controlled conditions. For the next 3 days, inactive marijuana

(0.0% THC) was available for self-administration (withdrawal). On the subsequent 4 days, active marijuana (6.2% THC) was available for self-administration (relapse). Volunteers (n=14) who smoked an average of 10 marijuana cigarettes/day, CP-456773 datasheet 7 days/week, completed the study. Under placebo, withdrawal was marked by increased subjective ratings of negative mood, decreased sleep quality, and decreased caloric intake and weight loss. Compared with placebo, quetiapine improved sleep quality, increased caloric intake and decreased weight loss. However, quetiapine increased marijuana craving and marijuana self-administration during the relapse phase. These data do not suggest that quetiapine selleckchem shows promise as a potential treatment for marijuana dependence.”
“This study used a retrospective analysis of adults with single-ventricle physiology to ascertain the predictive power of cardiopulmonary stress-testing parameters in determining patients at increased risk of suffering from adverse clinical outcomes. We found that the specific parameters of percent of maximum predicted heart rate achieved and maximum oxygen consumption were significantly correlated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with single-ventricle congenital heart disease.”
“Introduction: Cardiac arrhythmia findings

can be a challenge to interpret and difficult to attribute to background incidence or test article treatment. Thus, there is a growing need to better understand arrhythmia incidence in the experimental animal models used to assess the cardiovascular safety of new drugs. Currently, there is little information on the frequency of spontaneous cardiac arrhythmias in the cynomolgus monkey. Methods: This study evaluated the baseline arrhythmia rate in a group (n = 19) of non-naive (drug-free) male telemetered cynomolgus monkeys at various timepoints over a 6 month period. When sampled, data were collected continuously (24 hour bins over a 6 month period) and the ECG waveforms analyzed for arrhythmia using a semi-automated approach with pattern recognition software. The arrhythmia data were evaluated to detect atrial and ventricular patterns, as well as changes associated with circadian rhythm.


“Objective: To describe the clinical features of pen cap a


“Objective: To describe the clinical features of pen cap aspiration

and removal techniques.

Study design: We retrospectively reviewed all children with a history of inhaling a pen cap who were referred to the ENT department, at Beijing Children’s Hospital, between Jan 2006 and Dec 2010.

Methods Clinical data was recorded, including patients’ common information, physical examination, radiologic data and final outcome.

Results: QNZ in vitro Data from 44 children, with a median age of 8.7 years of age (35 months to 12 years) and a male-female ratio of 7.8:1 were analyzed. The time between inhalation and diagnosis with extraction of the foreign body ranged from several hours to 6 years, but 75% (33/44) were seen within one week. 89% (39/44) had pen caps removed by rigid bronchoscopy undergeneral anesthesia. Reverse grasping forceps were used in 62% of the cases and ordinary forceps in 38% CBL0137 manufacturer of the cases (24/15, p < 0.05). In 2 cases, the pen caps were coughed up. In 2 cases the FB was removed via a tracheotomy and in 1 case by thoracotomy.

Conclusions: Pen caps are an unusual foreign body in the airway, occurring frequently in school age children. Rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia with reverse grasping forceps was the most favorable method for extraction of pen caps, but open surgical approaches should be available. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

All rights reserved.”
“Introduction. There are no adequate head-tohead comparisons of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in type 2 diabetic patients in spite of some interesting attempts. Furthermore, there are no adequate studies about the effects of ACE inhibitors in type 2 diabetic patients, who are the Stem Cell Compound Library chemical structure great majority of diabetic

individuals. This study has retrospectively compared the effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs used to treat diabetic nephropathy in a group of type 2 diabetic subjects.

Design and methods. Patients (n=154) were treated with ACE inhibitors (mean age 59.5 +/- 13.3 years, 52.6% were male). Eighty-five patients had been treated with ARBs from 1999 until now (mean age 62.6 +/- 10.9 years, 56.0% were male, differences not significant). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate survival before reaching end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (glomerular filtration < 15 ml/min, stage V of renal disease as defined by KDOQI clinical guidelines) or starting renal replacement therapy. Only patients treated for more than six months were included in the survival analysis. Comparison of survival was made at three, five and seven years after starting treatment.

Results. Pre-ESRD survival was 91.9% at three years, 81.6% at five years and 61.9% at seven years of follow-up for patients treated with ACE inhibitors.

Results The DM group showed a markedly lower

Results The DM group showed a markedly lower Selleck JQ1 maximal intravesical pressure than that observed in the control

group, whereas rats in the DM+C3G group showed improved maximum intravesical pressure associated with minimization of apoptosis, and increased levels of Akt and Bad phosphorylation, implying inhibition of pro-apoptotic stimuli. The level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was significantly greater in the DM group compared to the control group and it was significantly reduced in the C3G treated group. Immunoblotting revealed a significant decrease in the levels of the superoxide dismutase protein and nerve growth factor in the DM group compared with the control group; however, these proteins were upregulated in the DM+C3G group compared with the DM group. Conclusions The study is the first to suggest that C3G fraction have a potency to protect the bladder under conditions of diabetes-induced oxidative stress.

GANT61 ic50 Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 493-499, 2013. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“An efficient planar micromixer based on multidirectional vortices in a curved channel with radial baffles is proposed and examined in this work. The curvature of the microchannel and the radial baffles induce vortices in different directions. The multidirectional vortices and the converging-diverging flow caused by the baffles contribute together to the enhancement of mixing. The micromixer is fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane by a single planar microlithography process and the mixing behaviors are observed by a confocal spectral microscope Ulixertinib imaging system to validate the simulation obtained by a commercial code. The

simulation and experimental results are in reasonable agreement. The concentration distributions and flow patterns obtained reveal the following trends. (i) The mixing efficiency of the basic C-shaped micromixer with the first baffle attached to the internal cylinder and the second attached to the external cylinder is better than that of the C-shaped micromixer with inverted arrangement of baffles. (ii) When the radius of the curved channel and the width of the passage between the baffle and the cylindrical wall are small enough and the Reynolds number (Re) is large enough, an extra separation vortex develops in the downstream of the second baffle. This phenomenon is one of the reasons of trend (i). (iii) A micromixer consisting of a few basic C-shaped micromixers connected by straight channels may generate a high degree of mixing for the case with a large Re. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3552992]“
“Complete hydatidiform mole with a coexistent normal twin is rare, but the mortality rate for the coexistent twin is high, usually attributed to preeclampsia or vaginal bleeding. Placental examination of 3 twin pregnancies complicated by complete hydatidiform mole revealed significant abnormalities in the fetal vasculature.

The anti-HDV-positive patients were further tested for HDV RNA S

The anti-HDV-positive patients were further tested for HDV RNA. Severity of liver disease was assessed by liver biopsy. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationship

between independent variables and HDV positivity. Of 282 chronic HBV patients, 192 were men (68.1%) and 90 were women (31.9%). The mean age was 43.8 +/- 12.7 (between Anlotinib molecular weight 18 and 73 years). Anti-HDV was positive in 45.5% of the patients (128/282). Among the 128 anti-HDV-positive patients, 116 were checked for HDV RNA and 56.9% were found positive (66/116). Chronic HDV infection rate was therefore present in at least 23.4% of the whole study group (66/282). There were 83 patients with cirrhosis (29.4%) in the study group. Anti-HDV Elacridar mw seroprevalence and HDV RNA presence were higher in those with cirrhosis (61.4% and 42.2%, respectively). No significant relationship was found between anti-HDV seropositivity and demographic factors such as age, sex and operation or transfusion history except family history. HDV-RNA-positive patients had significantly higher ALT and lower albumin levels when compared to HDV-RNA-negative patients. HDV-RNA-positive patients also had a significantly higher fibrosis stage. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that HDV infection is endemic and still a serious problem in the Elazig region of eastern Turkey. HDV infection is significantly related to the family exposure and FK506 increases the

risk of severe liver fibrosis in this region.”
“Purpose: To evaluate the image quality of both standard- and reduced-dose computed tomography (CT) by comparing multidetector CT with garnet-based detectors with multidetector CT with conventional detectors.

Materials and Methods: The study was approved by the internal ethics review board. Informed

consent was obtained. Eleven cadaveric lungs inflated and fixed by using the Heitzman method were scanned by using both CT with garnet-based detectors and CT with conventional detectors. Tube current was 400 mA for standard- dose and 10 mA for reduced-dose CT, and voltage was 120 kVp. Either normal scan mode with 984 views (conventional and garnet-based detectors) or high-resolution mode with 2496 views was used. Image quality at conventional-detector CT and garnet-based-detector CT in all modes was graded by two independent observers with a five-point scale. The evaluation items included normal lung structures, subjective visual noise, and abnormal CT findings. Quantitative image noise measurements were calculated by measuring the standard deviations in a circular region of interest on each selected image.

Results: At standard- dose CT, image quality at CT with garnet-based detectors (high-resolution mode) was significantly improved (P < .001, Tukey-Kramer). However, there was no significant difference between quantitative image noise measurements (P > .24).


“Spontaneous remission occurs in up to 80% of patients wit


“Spontaneous remission occurs in up to 80% of patients with limited patchy alopecia areata (AA) within 1 year. Therefore, not all patients of AA simplex/multiplex need extensive treatments, and wait and see is one of the choices for some patients. However, once the hair loss show progressive course, it is really difficult to manage well and may be recalcitrant to any treatment in some cases. Hair loss symptom is not life-threatening but severely decreases

quality of life. There have been two widely known guidelines for AA from the British Association of Dermatologists and the National Alopecia Areata Foundation (USA). These guidelines have been substantial and provide clues for dermatologists but needed to be updated. Recently, PI3K inhibitor the Japanese Dermatological Association also published a guideline SN-38 cost for the management of AA. This guideline suggests treatments followed by recommendations and evidence levels.

Several new treatments are added such as corticosteroid pulse therapy and antihistamine drugs in addition to Japanese historical therapies. Although the highly recommended therapies are still contact immunotherapy and local injection of corticosteroid, it may result in improvement of AA by use of appropriate treatments decided by age, hair loss type, disease course and desire of the AA patient.”
“We introduce a multi-region model for simultaneous segmentation of medical images. In contrast to many other models, geometric constraints such as inclusion and exclusion between the regions are enforced, which makes it possible to correctly segment different regions even if the intensity distributions are identical. We efficiently optimize the model using a combination of graph cuts and Lagrangian duality which is faster and more memory efficient than current state of the art. As the method is based on global optimization techniques, the resulting segmentations are independent of initialization. We apply our framework Alvocidib Cell Cycle inhibitor to the segmentation of the left and right ventricles, myocardium and the left ventricular papillary muscles in magnetic resonance imaging and to lung segmentation

in full-body X-ray computed tomography. We evaluate our approach on a publicly available benchmark with competitive results.”
“Drug cues play an important role in relapse to drug use. Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist that is used to prevent relapse in opioid dependence. Central opioidergic pathways may be implicated in the heightened drug cue-reactivity, but the effects of the opioid receptors’ blockade on the brain responses to drug cues in opioid dependence are unknown. To pursue this question, we studied 17 abstinent i.v. heroin users with brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during exposure to visual heroin-related cues and matched neutral images before and 10-14 days after an injection of extended-release naltrexone (XRNTX).

Two allelic mutations, ore14-1 and 14-2, caused a highly signific

Two allelic mutations, ore14-1 and 14-2, caused a highly significant delay in all senescence parameters examined, including chlorophyll content, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, membrane ion leakage, and the expression of senescence-associated genes. A delay of senescence symptoms was also observed under various senescence-accelerating conditions, where detached leaves were treated with darkness, phytohormones, or oxidative stress. These results indicate that the gene defined DNA-PK inhibitor by these

mutations might be a key regulatory genetic component controlling functional leaf senescence. Map-based cloning of ORE14 revealed that it encodes ARF2, a member of the auxin response factor (ARF) protein family, which modulates early auxin-induced gene expression in plants. The ore14/arf2 mutation also conferred an increased sensitivity to exogenous auxin in hypocotyl growth inhibition, thereby demonstrating that ARF2 is a repressor of auxin signalling. Therefore, the ore14/arf2 lesion appears to cause reduced repression of auxin signalling with increased auxin sensitivity, leading Selleckchem GDC 941 to delayed senescence. Altogether, our data suggest that ARF2 positively regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.”
“We report on first-principles studies to investigate the zone-centre optical phonons and polaron properties

in zinc-blende AlxGa1-xN alloys over the whole compositional range. The calculations are performed GSK2879552 concentration using ab initio pseudopotential approach based on the density functional perturbation theory under the virtual crystal approximation. Features such as phonon frequencies, dielectric constants, Frohlich coupling constant, Debye temperature, effective polar field, deformation potential, and polaron effective mass have been determined. Reasonable agreement is obtained between our computed values and data available in the literature. Other case, our results are predictions. The phonon modes are broadened upon

alloying and their frequencies display a blueshift with increasing Al content. The dependence of the studied parameters on Al concentration is found to be monotonic. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3517065]“
“The objective of the present study is to predict Young’s modulus of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSNs) containing fully intercalated structures. The particular contribution of this article is to consider the changes in structural parameters of different intercalated morphologies in vicinity of each other. These parameters include aspect ratio of intercalated stacks, number of silicate layers per stack, d-spacing between the layers, modulus of the gallery phase, and volume fraction of each intercalated morphology. To do this, the effective particle concept has been employed and combined with the Mori-Tanaka micromechanical model.

The effect of percentage kenaf loading and particle size of kenaf

The effect of percentage kenaf loading and particle size of kenaf (core) on the flexural properties of the composite was investigated. From the results, the incorporation of kenaf, regardless of particle size had resulted in the reduction of flexural strength of the composite. However, flexural modulus of the composites increased as the percentage of kenaf loading was increased due to the increasing of the stiffness contributed by kenaf fiber. Composites produced from internal mixer had displayed higher flexural properties as compared to

those prepared from high speed mixer and twin screw extruder. It was believed that this phenomenon was attributed to the effectiveness of internal mixer Ispinesib price with a better compounding

mechanism which improved the wetting and distribution on kenaf within the polypropylene matrix. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, www.selleckchem.com/products/etomoxir-na-salt.html Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011″
“Study Design. Review the presentation and diagnosis of an intradural extramedullary hemangiopericytoma of the thoracic spine.

Objective. To present a rare case of intradural, subpial hemangiopericytoma in the thoracic spine, with a brief overview of the literature.

Summary of Background Data. Spinal intradural extramedullary hemangiopericytoma is rare entity that radiographically mimics nerve-sheath tumors. These lesions are typically diagnosed at surgery performed due to suspicion of tumor.

Methods. A 20-year-old man who presented with back pain, leg weakness, and sphincter incontinence. MR imaging FRAX597 research buy demonstrated an intradural extramedullary lesion at the T9-T10 level that was isointense on T1- and

T2-weighted images and homogeneously enhancing after administration of gadolinium, with cystic components seen on T2-weighted images. The preoperative diagnosis was meningioma or schwannoma.

Results. At surgery, the lesion was bluish and completely subpial, with apparent nerve root invasion. Pathological examination revealed a neoplasm adjacent to a nerve root with possible focal infiltration. Abundant reticulin fibers and widened, branching vascular channels imparting a staghorn appearance were seen. Up to five mitotic figures were counted in one high-power field. On immunostaining, the neoplastic cells were diffusely immunoreactive for CD99 and immunonegative for EMA, CD34, and S-100 protein. The pathological diagnosis was consistent with anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, WHO grade III.

Conclusion. This is the ninth report of spinal intradural hemangiopericytoma. The location of the neoplasm supports the hypothesis that hemangiopericytoma may arise from the spinal pial capillaries.

Overall, moxifloxacin was the most active agent in vitro against

Overall, moxifloxacin was the most active agent in vitro against U. urealyticum, with the narrowest difference between MIC and MBC values, followed closely by levofloxacin. Clarithromycin was the most active macrolide.”
“Background: Processed meat and fish have been shown to be associated

with the risk of advanced prostate cancer, but few studies have examined diet after prostate cancer diagnosis and risk of its progression.

Objective: We examined the association between postdiagnostic consumption of processed and unprocessed red meat, fish, poultry, and eggs and the risk of prostate cancer recurrence or progression.

Design: We conducted a prospective study in 1294 men with prostate cancer, without recurrence or progression as of 2004-2005, who were participating in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor and who were followed for an average of 2 y.

Results: We observed 127 click here events (prostate cancer death or metastases, elevated prostate-specific antigen concentration, or secondary treatment) during 2610 person-years. Intakes of processed and unprocessed red meat, fish, total poultry,

and skinless poultry were not associated with prostate cancer recurrence or progression. Greater consumption of eggs and poultry with skin was associated with 2-fold increases in risk in a comparison of extreme quantiles: eggs [hazard ratio (HR): 2.02; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.72; P for trend = 0.05] and poultry with skin (HR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.36, 3.76; P for trend = 0.003). An interaction was observed between prognostic risk at diagnosis Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor and poultry. Men with high prognostic risk and a high poultry intake had a 4-fold

increased risk of recurrence or progression compared with men with low/intermediate prognostic risk and a low poultry intake (P for interaction = 0.003).

Conclusions: Selleck ACY-738 Our results suggest that the postdiagnostic consumption of processed or unprocessed red meat, fish, or skinless poultry is not associated with prostate cancer recurrence or progression, whereas consumption of eggs and poultry with skin may increase the risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 712-21.”
“P>Ribosomal proteins are integral to ribosome biogenesis, and function in protein synthesis. In higher eukaryotes, loss of cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins results in a reduced growth rate as well as developmental defects. To what extent and how ribosomal proteins affect development is currently not known. Here we describe a semi-dominant mutation in the cytoplasmic ribosomal protein gene RPL27aC that affects multiple aspects of plant shoot development, including leaf patterning, inflorescence and floral meristem function, and seed set. In the embryo, RPL27aC is required to maintain the growth rate and for the transition from radial to bilateral symmetry associated with initiation of cotyledons.

A total of 1275 SSR markers

A total of 1275 SSR markers check details were screened for polymorphism between the two parents, and 552 markers of them displayed polymorphism, of which 64 were selected for genotyping the 111 BC5F6 ILs. Field trials were performed in a Latinized alpha-lattice design in Luoyang and Jiaozuo of Henan Province of China in 2007-2008

and 2008-2009 cropping seasons. One-way ANOVA and interval mapping (IM) analysis were used to detect QTL for crossability between wheat and rye. A total of 13 putative QTLs were detected. Five of them, QCa.caas.1A, QCa.caas.2D, QCa.caas.4B, QCa.caas.5B and QCa.caas.6A, were detected in both trials and three of them, QCa.caas.2D, QCa.caas.4B and QCa.caas.6A, were novel. The positive effect allele of the four QTLs came from the donor parent Am3 except QCa.caas.6A that came from the recurrent parent Laizhou953. ILs with both higher positive effect alleles and favorable agronomic traits developed in present study are elite germplasm for wide crossing in wheat. Results from the current study suggest that wheat ancestors can be rich in new sources of crossability genes.”
“The acrosome reaction (AR), an absolute requirement for spermatozoa and egg fusion, requires the influx of Ca(2+) into the spermatozoa through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels and store-operated channels. Maitotoxin (MTx), a Ca(2+)-mobilizing

agent, has been shown to be a potent inducer of the mouse sperm AR, with a pharmacology similar to that of the zona pellucida (ZP), possibly suggesting a common pathway for Galunisertib TGF-beta/Smad inhibitor both inducers. Using recombinant human ZP3 (rhZP3), mouse ZP and two MTx channel blockers (U73122 and U73343), we investigated and compared A-1210477 clinical trial the MTx- and ZP-induced ARs in human and mouse spermatozoa. Herein, we report that MTx induced AR and

elevated intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) in human spermatozoa, both of which were blocked by U73122 and U73343. These two compounds also inhibited the MTx-induced AR in mouse spermatozoa. In disagreement with our previous proposal, the AR triggered by rhZP3 or mouse ZP was not blocked by U73343, indicating that in human and mouse spermatozoa, the AR induction by the physiological ligands or by MTx occurred through distinct pathways. U73122, but not U73343 (inactive analogue), can block phospholipase C (PLC). Another PLC inhibitor, edelfosine, also blocked the rhZP3- and ZP-induced ARs. These findings confirmed the participation of a PLC-dependent signalling pathway in human and mouse zona protein-induced AR. Notably, edelfosine also inhibited the MTx-induced mouse sperm AR but not that of the human, suggesting that toxin-induced AR is PLC-dependent in mice and PLC-independent in humans. Asian Journal of Andrology (2011) 13, 159-165; doi: 10.1038/aja.2010.80; published online 13 September 2010″
“Nowadays, nanocomposites are a special class of materials having unique physical properties and wide application potential in diverse areas.

(C) 2014 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved “
“This study’s a

(C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“This study’s aim was to define the clinical manifestations and long-term outcome of pediatric patients living at altitude with isolated pulmonary artery (PA) of ductal origin (IPADO). This was a retrospective cohort study of 17 consecutive cases of IPADO at a single center. All patients lived at modest altitude (median 2050 m [range 1700 m to 3050 m]). Fifteen children (88%) were symptomatic at presentation. High-altitude pulmonary edema was present in 2 patients (12%) at diagnosis, and only 1 patient had episodes

of hemoptysis during follow-up. Fourteen patients (82%) demonstrated evidence of pulmonary AICAR purchase arterial hypertension (PAH). Among 14 patients with PAH, 11 patients had surgical interventions. PAH resolved in 5 of 11 patients (45%) undergoing surgical rehabilitation. One patient died during follow-up, and 7 patients are receiving oral vasodilator therapies due to residual SBC-115076 manufacturer PAH; 14 patients remained asymptomatic. Our study showed that early intervention in patients with IPADO at modest altitude can potentially rehabilitate the isolated PA and reverse PAH. Whether surgery is indicated for patients with this disorder in the absence of PAH is unknown.”
“BACKGROUND: Conventional biological waste-water treatment techniques are insufficient to degrade large quantities of dissolved lignin discharged by small-scale paper mills. The current investigation is aimed at comparing

the overall performance of basic electrochemical reactor configurations such as batch, batch recirculation, recycle and single pass systems, in removing the organic part of waste-water from a small-scale, agro-based paper industry. The effect of current PLX3397 mouse density, supporting electrolyte concentration, duration of electrolysis, specific electrode surface and fluid flow rate on the removal of pollutants and energy consumption are critically evaluated. The improvement in biodegradability of the effluent during treatment is also noticed.

RESULTS: The

batch recirculation mode of operation was found to be superior in comparison with a batch system using the same specific electrode surface for both COD removal (73.3 vs. 64%) and capacity utilization (rate constant 1.112 x 10(-3) vs. 1.049 x 10(-3) cm s(-1)). The pollutant removal performance of the batch recirculation system improved considerably with increase in the circulation flow rate. At the best operating point in the recycle system, 59% of COD was removed, corresponding to a current efficiency of 68.9% and specific energy consumption of 18.46 kWh kg(-1). The biodegradability index of the waste-water was improved from 0.18 +/- 0.01 to 0.36 +/- 0.01.

CONCLUSION: A recycle reactor was the best configuration, because of its flexibility of operation. Circulation flow rate and withdrawal flow rate enable the control of transfer coefficients and treatment duration respectively.