For instance, the glycolytic enzyme α-enolase has been shown as plasmin-binding Gemcitabine molecular weight protein on the outside of the bacterial cells [38]. For most of the cell envelope proteins identified here, a surface localization cannot be ruled out as not all of the proteins from the cell surface fraction could be identified. The translation elongation factor Tu (spot MP4) has been shown to be surface associated protein in S. pyogenes [25, 39] and other Gram-positive bacteria [40–42]. Little is known about the possible functions of surface-associated elongation factors on the bacterial surface. Nevertheless, elongation factor of Lactococcus johnsonii is shown to be involved in attachment

of this pathogen to human intestinal cells and mucins [40], while the same protein in Mycobacterium pneumoniae binds fibronectin, which mediates the attachment of pathogen to host cells [43]. It has also been reported as immunogenic spore protein of Bacillus anthracis [9] and a virulence determinant in Coxiella burnetii [44]. Conclusion Eleven prominent proteins showing over expression on CMM grown cells INCB28060 using whole cell proteome of C. perfringens ATC13124 have been

identified by 2-DE MS selleckchem approach. In addition the predominant cell surface and cell envelope (structure associated) proteins were also identified and a few were found to be common with those observed as over-expressed in CMM grown cells. Cystathionine beta-lyase and Ornithine carbamoyltransferase identified in this study can be putative vaccine candidates as they are over-expressed in CMM grown cells, are surface localized, the latter is immunogenic, and their homologs in other pathogenic bacteria have been shown to be immunogenic/virulence factor. In addition phosphoglycerate kinase, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, and translation elongation factor Tu and EF-G can also be putative vaccine candidates as they are abundant on the cell surface fraction and their homologs in other Gram positive pathogenic

bacteria have been shown to be immunogenic/virulence determinants. We propose choloylglycine hydrolase family protein, cell wall-associated serine proteinase, and rhomboid family protein as potential surface protein markers for specific detection of C. 4��8C perfringens from environment and food. Methods Bacterial strain and growth conditions Clostridium perfringens ATCC13124 was obtained from Becton Dickinson India Pvt. Ltd., India. The bacterium was cultivated anaerobically at 37°C in TPYG broth containing pancreatic digest of casein, 50 g; peptone, 5 g; yeast extract, 20 g; glucose, 4 g; sodium thioglycollate, 1 g; cycloserine, 250 mg; sulphamethoxazole, 76 mg and trimethoprim, 4 mg per litre. The strain was grown under experimental conditions on cooked meat medium (CMM) containing beef heart granules, 454 g; proteose petone, 20 g; dextrose, 2 g; sodium chloride, 5 g per litre.